Amostra de currículo de opção

Cluster de preços de ações nas datas de vencimento da opção ☆
Este artigo apresenta evidências impressionantes de que a negociação de opções altera os preços das ações subjacentes. Em particular, mostramos que, em datas de vencimento, os preços de fechamento de ações com opções listadas se agrupam a preços de exercício da opção. Em cada data de vencimento, os retornos de ações opcionais são alterados por uma média de pelo menos 16,5 pontos base, o que se traduz em mudanças agregadas de capitalização de mercado na ordem de US $ 9 bilhões. Fornecemos evidências de que o reequilíbrio de hedge por market makers de opções e manipulação de preços de ações por traders proprietários de empresas contribuem para o agrupamento.
Classificação JEL.
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Agradecemos a Joe Levin, Eileen Smith e Dick Thaler pela assistência com os dados do CBOE, e agradecemos ao Office for Futures and Options Research da Universidade de Illinois em Urbana-Champaign pelo apoio à Sophie Xiaoyan Ni através do Assistance de Corzine e pelo apoio financeiro parcial. dos dados do Ivy DB da OptionMetrics. As sugestões de um árbitro anônimo foram especialmente úteis para melhorar o papel. Os comentários de Marco Avellaneda, Kerry Back, Dan Bernhardt, Bill Christie, Ryan Davies, Steve Figlewski, Jeff Harris, Larry Harris, Narasimhan Jegadeesh, Michael Lipkin, Stewart Mayhew, George Pennacchi, Bill Schwert (o editor), Joshua White e seminário os participantes da Universidade Estadual da Louisiana, da Rutgers University-Camden, da Comissão de Valores Mobiliários, da Universidade da Flórida, da Universidade de Illinois em Urbana-Champaign e da Universidade de Iowa também são reconhecidos com gratidão. Somos responsáveis ​​por quaisquer erros remanescentes.

Empregos no Centro de Distribuição.
Tudo sobre como trabalhar em armazéns de distribuição.
Centro de distribuição Skechers Moreno Valley.
A Skechers é uma das maiores empresas de calçados dos Estados Unidos e está sediada em Manhattan Beach, Califórnia. O centro de distribuição de Skechers em Moreno Valley consiste em tecnologia de ponta e é um centro de distribuição de 1,82 milhões de pés quadrados. O centro de distribuição de Moreno Valley foi inaugurado no final de 2011. O pagamento é maior neste armazém em comparação com outros e grande parte do trabalho é automatizado. Todo o armazém é um edifício verde que implementa recursos de economia de energia, como painéis solares. Então, vamos dar uma olhada nas oportunidades de emprego lá.
A Skechers foi fundada no ano de 1992 pela C. O. Robert Greenberg e seu filho Michael. Robert também fundou a empresa L. A Gear em 1983. Deixou a LA Gear para fundar a Skechers em 1992. Michael era um distribuidor da empresa Doc Martens. Eles estavam envolvidos em uma disputa legal com o Doc Martens sobre os calçados de sua empresa serem produtos derivados do Doc Marten. Isso foi nos anos 90. Hoje, a empresa possui mais de 190 locais de propriedade em todo o mundo, em mais de 100 países, e emprega mais de 4.600 pessoas.
Empregos disponíveis no centro de distribuição Skechers & # 8211;
No armazém da Skechers, você pode trabalhar como um associado da Warehouse onde você estará.
necessária para realizar o carregamento, descarregamento, colheita, estocagem, fabricação e transporte de mercadorias. Você estará carregando e descarregando mercadorias de áreas de armazenamento designadas, como prateleiras, prateleiras e veículos. Também será necessário instalar dispositivos de proteção, como contraventamento, acolchoamento ou cintas, evitando assim danos às mercadorias transportadas. Você seguirá as políticas e os procedimentos de segurança e manterá as condições da área de trabalho. O trabalho também pode implicar um pouco de condução, em que você será obrigado a dirigir um caminhão para pegar um estoque de entrada ou entregar materiais para locais designados. Você também estará operando equipamentos de armazém, como empilhadeiras ou outras máquinas para completar tarefas.
Você será solicitado a levantar pesos de até 50 libras e permanecer por longos períodos de tempo, o que é normal para trabalhos no depósito. O trabalho também pode envolver viagens durante a noite, embora não na maior parte (menos de 10% do tempo). O candidato deve ter pelo menos 18 anos de idade e passar por um teste de drogas, bem como verificação de antecedentes. Um diploma do ensino médio ou GED é necessário. Uma experiência com empilhadeiras e maquinário de armazém é preferida.
Como se inscrever online para trabalhos do centro de distribuição da Skechers?
Vejamos como candidatar-se a um emprego na Skechers através do seu website. Vamos para skechers. Uma vez lá, vá até o final e clique no link "Carreiras". Quando a página de carreiras do site for aberta, você poderá ver que haverá opções para pesquisar por palavras-chave. Abaixo dos campos de pesquisa de palavras-chave, você tem a opção de procurar trabalhos por localização. Abaixo da lista de locais, você também pode pesquisar por categoria de trabalho. Selecione o local e a categoria para os quais você deseja pesquisar. Depois que as seleções forem feitas, clique no botão "Pesquisar" logo abaixo da caixa para realizar a pesquisa, que levará você à página de resultados. A partir dos resultados, clique no título do trabalho em que você está interessado. Isso levará você à página de descrição do trabalho, listando a descrição e os requisitos para esse trabalho específico. Role até o final da página e você encontrará um campo que permite que você envie seu currículo. Você pode anexar seu currículo lá para essa posição específica ou também enviar seu currículo por e-mail para o ID de e-mail fornecido.
Abaixo estão alguns indicadores adicionais para ajudá-lo a conseguir um emprego no armazém da Skechers:
O salário médio de um funcionário do armazém na skechers é de cerca de US $ 12 / hr. Exemplo de entrevista de entrevista & # 8211; “Por que você quer trabalhar na Skechers?” Exemplo de entrevista & # 8211; “Descreva seu supervisor favorito.” Exemplo de pergunta da entrevista & # 8211; “Por que você acha que é um bom candidato para essa posição?” Exemplo de pergunta da entrevista & # 8211; "Descreva sua experiência de trabalho."

Como se inscrever em um sinal.
Se você deseja copiar operações de negociação realizadas por um provedor, você deve assinar um sinal. Uma taxa semanal ou mensal pode ser cobrada pela assinatura.
Uma conta MQL5munity válida é necessária para uma assinatura de sinal. Especifique os detalhes da conta nas configurações da plataforma, na guia Comunidade. Se você ainda não tem uma conta, por favor registre-se.
Certifique-se de ler as regras antes de usar o serviço de Sinais. Para copiar sinais, a plataforma de negociação deve estar sempre conectada ao servidor usando a conta que está inscrita para os sinais. A plataforma recebe sinais sobre transações realizadas na conta do Provedor e copia automaticamente as ofertas para a conta do assinante apenas se a plataforma estiver conectada ao servidor.
Como se inscrever em um sinal.
Assista ao vídeo: Assine um sinal de negociação.
A partir do vídeo, você aprenderá como assinar um sinal e quais parâmetros especificar. Descubra se você precisa copiar os níveis de parada, que parte do seu depósito fará parte da cópia e qual o slippage a ser escolhido.
Você pode assinar um sinal selecionado diretamente da lista ou da página de detalhes do sinal.
Os detalhes do sinal que você está prestes a assinar são exibidos em uma janela separada. Por favor, verifique-os cuidadosamente.
Os dados básicos do sinal são exibidos aqui:
Sinal - nome do sinal. Ao clicar em um nome, você passará para a descrição de um sinal no MQL5munity. Nome do autor - provedor de sinal. Ao clicar nele, você passará para o perfil MQL5munity do provedor. Broker - nome de um servidor intermediário usado pelo provedor. Crescimento - crescimento do depósito na conta do fornecedor a partir do momento do registro do sinal. O valor é especificado em porcentagem do valor inicial. Data - início e fim da assinatura.
Para transferir um pagamento, você pode usar os fundos da sua conta MQL5munity. Para fazer isso, selecione o método de pagamento MQL5.
Digite a senha da sua conta MQL5munity para confirmar sua compra. O valor especificado é deduzido da sua conta e você pode continuar configurando a cópia de negociações. Uma mensagem de assinatura bem-sucedida, bem como detalhes de assinatura e informações úteis, são mostrados na página de sinal.
Se você não tiver dinheiro suficiente em sua conta MQL5munity para assinar um sinal, poderá pagar por um dos sistemas de pagamento disponíveis diretamente na plataforma. Para manter um histórico claro e unificado de assinaturas, a quantia exigida é primeiro transferida para sua conta MQL5munity, da qual um pagamento para a assinatura é feito.
A página do sistema de pagamento correspondente é aberta após você selecionar um método de pagamento. Especifique os dados de pagamento necessários: seu login e senha no sistema de pagamento ou informações do cartão.
Ao assinar um sinal, você confirma que concorda com as regras do serviço de Sinais. Para copiar operações de negociação para uma conta, você precisa estar sempre conectado (autorizado) na plataforma de negociação usando essa conta. Uma conta real não pode ser inscrita em um sinal com base em uma conta de demonstração.
Condições de negociação incompatíveis.
Antes de assinar um sinal, o sistema verifica algumas condições de negociação nas contas do assinante e provedor:
O volume mínimo e máximo permitido para símbolos - no caso dessas configurações não coincidirem, pode haver uma diferença séria do volume das operações de comércio do provedor e o volume de operações copiado para a conta do assinante. Disponibilidade de símbolos usados ​​pelo provedor na conta do assinante - no caso de pelo menos um símbolo usado pelo provedor não estar disponível na conta do assinante, a cópia de sinais será impossível.
Se uma incompatibilidade for detectada, o aviso correspondente será exibido na janela de assinatura. Recomenda-se assinar os sinais com condições de negociação correspondentes.
As operações de negociação não são copiadas para sua conta até que você ative & quot; Ativar assinatura de sinal em tempo real & quot; opção na sua plataforma de negociação. Recomenda-se usar sinais com condições comerciais semelhantes. Caso contrário, você pode desperdiçar seu dinheiro devido à impossibilidade de cópia de sinais de negociação.
Após a inscrição, mude para a configuração da plataforma de negociação.
Como configurar a plataforma de negociação para usar sinais.
Para configurar o uso de sinais na plataforma de negociação, abra a janela de configurações e vá para a guia Sinais.
Configure os seguintes parâmetros:
Concorde com os termos de uso do serviço de Sinais - para começar a usar o serviço de Sinais, concorde com as regras de uso. Leia as regras com cuidado. Se você concordar, marque a caixa ao lado da opção. Se você não concordar com as regras, não use o serviço de Sinais. Ativar assinatura de sinal em tempo real - as operações de negociação serão copiadas para sua conta somente depois que essa opção for ativada. Nenhuma operação será copiada para a conta caso a opção esteja desativada. As configurações abaixo só serão editáveis ​​depois de ativar essa opção. Copie os níveis Stop Loss e Take Profit - Stop Loss e Take Profit colocados na conta do provedor também serão colocados em sua conta de negociação se essa opção for ativada. Essas ordens são executadas no lado do corretor. Isso significa que eles são executados independentemente de a plataforma estar ou não em execução. Além disso, corretores diferentes podem fornecer condições de execução diferentes (se o assinante e o provedor tiverem corretores diferentes).
Portanto, a cópia de ordens stop garante que uma posição será fechada ao atingir os níveis de lucros e perdas especificados. Sincronize posições sem confirmações - sincronização automática sem confirmação adicional. Ao assinar um sinal, os estados de negociação das contas do Assinante e do Provedor são sincronizados. Esta pode ser uma sincronização primária ao ativar a assinatura ou uma nova sincronização durante a cópia.
Se ordens pendentes ou posições sem sinal (abertas manualmente ou por um Expert Advisor) forem detectadas na conta do Assinante durante a sincronização, a caixa de diálogo que oferece a opção de fechar as posições e remover os pedidos é exibida. Se, durante a sincronização inicial, uma conta de provedor tiver lucro flutuante (não corrigido), um usuário verá uma janela de diálogo oferecendo a espera de melhores condições para iniciar a cópia. Em ambos os casos, a sincronização não é executada e a cópia dos sinais é interrompida até que o usuário tome a decisão clicando no botão de diálogo apropriado.
Se a plataforma estiver trabalhando 24 horas sem controle externo constante (por exemplo, executado no VPS), as solicitações de confirmação para realizar a sincronização serão deixadas sem resposta e, portanto, poderão impedir que os sinais sejam copiados. Quando esta opção está ativada, a sincronização é sempre executada automaticamente sem a necessidade de confirmação do Assinante. Se houver posições / ordens personalizadas, elas serão deixadas na conta, enquanto o sistema inicia / continua copiando as negociações do Provedor. Se o Provedor tiver um lucro flutuante, a plataforma não espera por melhores condições de entrada e começa a copiar imediatamente. Não use mais que [A]% - valor percentual do seu depósito que pode ser usado para seguir os sinais do provedor. Por exemplo, se o seu saldo for de 10.000 USD e 90% for especificado aqui, serão utilizados 9.000 USD para seguir os sinais. Isso afeta o cálculo dos volumes das transações realizadas ao seguir os sinais. O volume é calculado proporcionalmente. Veja & quot; Assinantes de Sinais & quot; seção para mais informações. Não é fortemente recomendado alterar a carga de depósito se você já tiver posições abertas de acordo com um sinal. Isso levará à correção do volume das posições em aberto (aumento de volume ou fechamento parcial pelo preço de mercado atual). Pare se a equidade for menor que [B] - esse parâmetro permite limitar as perdas ao usar sinais de negociação. Se a equidade cai abaixo de um nível especificado, a cópia dos sinais de negociação é automaticamente terminada, todas as posições são fechadas. 0 significa sem limitações. Desvio / Slippage [C] spreads - essa configuração é semelhante ao conjunto de desvios quando os pedidos são colocados na plataforma. Este é o valor do desvio permitido do preço do pedido executado do preço inicialmente solicitado pela plataforma ao copiar uma operação de negociação. Este valor é exibido como parte do spread atual no símbolo usado na operação de negociação.
A ordem é executada se o desvio for menor ou igual ao parâmetro especificado. Se o desvio exceder o valor especificado, a plataforma aumentará o desvio aceitável em 0,5. Se a recotificação for recebida novamente, as contas do assinante e do provedor se tornarão não sincronizadas. Mais tarde, a plataforma tentará sincronizá-los.
Depois que todos os parâmetros estiverem definidos e a assinatura for permitida, sua conta de negociação começará a sincronização com a conta do Provedor.
Sincronização inicial das contas dos provedores e dos assinantes.
A sincronização é necessária para copiar negociações da conta de um fornecedor para uma conta do assinante. A sincronização inicial é aquela realizada quando a conta de um assinante não tem posições abertas baseadas em sinal, por exemplo, ao ativar uma assinatura.
Um número de requisitos deve ser cumprido para realizar a sincronização:
O Assinante não deve ter posições abertas e ordens pendentes ativas; o lucro flutuante total de todas as posições do Provedor deve ser negativo. Isso permite que um Assinante entre no mercado a um preço que não seja pior do que o do Provedor.
Se pelo menos uma dessas condições não for atendida, o aviso apropriado será exibido durante a tentativa de sincronização. A sincronização não é continuada até que o usuário tome a decisão.
Ative a opção Sincronizar posições sem confirmações nas configurações da plataforma para não receber avisos e sincronizar automaticamente.
Leia atentamente as recomendações descritas nas janelas de diálogo.
Se você quiser fechar automaticamente todas as posições abertas pelo preço de mercado atual e excluir as ordens pendentes, verifique "Estou ciente do risco e concordo em sincronizar as posições e os pedidos imediatamente". Em seguida, clique no link & quot; Fechar posições e sincronizar agora & quot; botão. Se você não quiser que o programa feche as posições e exclua as ordens pendentes, clique em & quot; Verificarei manualmente & quot; ou feche a janela. Se você quiser sincronizar sua conta com o provedor apesar do lucro flutuante positivo, marque & quot; Estou ciente do risco e concordo em sincronizar as posições de negociação imediatamente & quot ;. Se você quiser adiar a sincronização e esperar até que o lucro flutuante do provedor fique negativo, clique em & quot; Aguardar por melhores condições de mercado & quot ;. Até que o lucro flutuante do provedor torne-se negativo, a plataforma não sincronizará as contas e não iniciará a cópia das operações de negociação.
É altamente recomendável NÃO executar negociações manualmente ou via programas MQL5 enquanto estiver inscrito em um sinal. Negociações não relacionadas aumentam a carga geral na conta de negociação em comparação com o provedor de sinal.
Sincronização durante a cópia.
Após a sincronização bem-sucedida de posições, a plataforma pode realizar uma nova sincronização. Ele é executado em caso de problemas de rede durante a cópia para garantir que nenhuma transação do Provedor seja perdida.
Se as transações de alguns Provedores não estiverem disponíveis na conta do Assinante, o sistema as copia. Ao contrário da sincronização inicial, o lucro flutuante total do Provedor não é verificado aqui. Se o Assinante começou a copiar, eles devem seguir a estratégia de negociação do Provedor na máxima extensão possível. É impossível copiar algumas posições, ignorando outras.
Além dos problemas de rede, o motivo da ausência de determinadas posições na conta do Assinante pode ser a ativação dos níveis de parada ou o fechamento manual das posições:
Se os níveis de "Copiar stop loss e take profit" & quot; Quando a opção está ativada, o Assinante copia as operações do Provedor junto com os níveis de parada. Corretores diferentes podem ter fluxos de preços diferentes, portanto, os níveis de parada na conta do Assinante podem ser acionados antes do que no do Provedor. Se, durante a nova sincronização, uma determinada posição na conta do Assinante já estiver fechada, enquanto ela ainda estiver aberta na conta do Provedor, o serviço a copia novamente. Para reduzir a probabilidade de tais situações, recomenda-se usar a conta no mesmo servidor (corretor) que a conta do Provedor para cópia. Se o Assinante fechar uma posição copiada manualmente, ela será novamente aberta durante a ressincronização. Nós recomendamos fortemente que você não interfira na cópia.
A nova sincronização também é executada em situações normais: após o reinício do terminal, reconexão à conta de negociação, depósito de fundos na conta, etc. Se o sistema detectar posições não baseadas em sinais no Assinante conta, oferece para fechá-los ou ignora essas posições, dependendo do & quot; Sincronizar posições sem confirmações & quot; configuração.
Copiando Operações de Negociação e Cálculo de Volume.
Depois que as contas do Assinante e do Provedor forem sincronizadas com sucesso, a cópia das operações de negociação será iniciada. Isso é feito automaticamente.
Pedidos pendentes colocados na conta do Provedor não são copiados para a conta do Assinante. As operações de negociação são copiadas quando o acionamento de ordens pendentes é acionado: quando um pedido Buy Limit ou Buy Stop é acionado, um sinal de compra é copiado; quando uma ordem Sell Limit ou Sell Stop é acionada, um sinal de venda é copiado.
As operações de negociação manual (assim como o uso de Expert Advisors) não são recomendadas após a conta do Assinante começar a copiar as operações de negociação do Provedor. Negociações não relacionadas aumentam a carga geral na conta de negociação em comparação com o provedor de sinal. Não é fortemente recomendado alterar a carga de depósito se você já tiver posições abertas de acordo com um sinal. Isso levará à correção do volume das posições em aberto (aumento de volume ou fechamento parcial pelo preço de mercado atual).
O volume de operações de negociação realizadas na conta do Assinante é baseado nos fundos disponíveis do Assinante e do Provedor. O cálculo é realizado em várias etapas.
O volume é multiplicado pela proporção dos saldos do Assinante e do Provedor, considerando a moeda de depósito e a carga de depósito permitida especificada nas configurações da plataforma.
Suponha que o saldo do Assinante seja de 8.000 EUR, a carga permitida é de - 50% e o saldo do Provedor é de 10.000 USD. A taxa atual de EURUSD é de 1.20000. Se o Provedor realizar uma transação com o volume de 1 lote, a mesma transação será executada na conta do Assinante com o volume de 0,48 lotes. O saldo do assinante é de 4.000 EUR ou 4.800 USD, considerando a carga permitida. Portanto, a proporção de volume será de 4.800 / 10.000 = 0,48.
Após os saldos terem sido considerados, as alavancas do Assinante e do Provedor também são levadas em conta. Se a alavancagem do Assinante exceder a do Provedor de Sinais, isso não afetará o volume de uma transação copiada. Caso contrário, o volume da transação é alterado em relação direta à correlação da alavancagem de um Provedor de Sinais com a influência de um Assinante.
Por exemplo, se um Provedor de Sinais com uma alavancagem de 1: 100 abre uma oferta de 1 lote, um Assinante com uma alavancagem de 1: 500 abrirá uma oferta de 1 lote em caso de 100% de cópia e um depósito correspondente por tamanho e moeda. Um assinante com uma alavancagem de 1:10 abrirá uma oferta de 0,1 lotes em condições semelhantes.
Cálculos de volume são exibidos no campo & quot; Journal & quot; guia da plataforma. A entrada da amostra é mostrada abaixo:
porcentagem para conversão de volume selecionada de acordo com a proporção de saldos e alavancagens, novo valor 24%
Provedor de sinal de sinal tem saldo de 10 000,00 USD, alavancagem 1: 200; assinante tem saldo de 8 000,00 USD, alavancagem de 1: 100.
Gestão de dinheiro de sinal: use 50% do depósito, limite de capital: 0.00 EUR, desvio / derrapagem: 0.5 spreads.
Operações de Saldo na Conta do Assinante durante a Cópia.
O montante total de fundos do assinante é alterado após a realização de uma operação de saldo / crédito. Se o valor percentual de cópia de sinais diminuiu mais 1% depois (o volume de negociações copiadas é calculado considerando a proporção do saldo de assinantes e do fornecedor), a conta do assinante é forçadamente sincronizado com o do provedor. Isso é feito para corrigir as posições atuais do assinante de acordo com o novo valor percentual de cópia.
Se os fundos do assinante tiverem aumentado devido ao saldo ou à operação de crédito, nenhuma sincronização forçada será executada.
A plataforma pode receber uma recotagem ao copiar uma operação de negociação de um provedor (o servidor retorna novos preços como uma resposta a uma solicitação de negociação no preço especificado).
Se o desvio do novo preço exceder o & quot; Deviation / Slippage [C] spread & quot; valor especificado nas configurações, a plataforma aumenta o desvio aceitável em 0,5 do spread e faz outra tentativa de realizar a operação de negociação. Se a recotificação for recebida novamente, as contas do assinante e do provedor se tornarão não sincronizadas. Mais tarde, a plataforma tentará sincronizá-los.
Assinaturas Exibidas na Plataforma.
Por conveniência, as contas de negociação inscritas em um sinal são marcadas com um ícone especial na janela Navegador:
Quando você aponta o cursor do mouse sobre o nome, a data de expiração da assinatura é exibida. O menu de contexto contém comandos para visualizar o sinal e cancelar sua inscrição. Este último é exibido apenas se a conta de negociação apropriada estiver atualmente ativa na plataforma.
Se a conta comercial atual estiver inscrita em um sinal, o ícone correspondente também será exibido na barra de estado da conta na guia Trade:
Relatório de cópia de sinal.
As estatísticas sobre cópia de sinal são exibidas em & quot; Minhas estatísticas & quot; aba. Ele contém dados sobre todos os sinais em que a conta de negociação atual foi assinada.
Assista ao vídeo: o relatório sobre os negócios copiados.
Informações detalhadas sobre assinaturas completas e ativas ajudarão você a estimar a eficácia de cada provedor. Esses relatórios mostram o lucro obtido com o dinheiro gasto para assinatura.
Todos os valores na lista são baseados apenas nos trades copiados para a conta de negociação de acordo com o sinal:
Gráfico de crescimento. Sinal - nome do sinal. Crescimento - crescimento dos depósitos em valor percentual calculado com base na história do comércio sem considerar depósitos e retiradas; Semanas - número de semanas durante as quais o sinal foi copiado; Max DD - queda máxima de saldo do máximo local em valor percentual; FP - fator de lucro, razão entre lucro bruto e prejuízo bruto. Um significa que esses parâmetros são iguais. Data de término - data de término da assinatura do sinal.
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Carta de Apresentação de Consultoria.
Como um antigo pesquisador de currículos da McKinsey, li muitas cartas de apresentação de consultoria para funções de consultoria de todos os tipos.
A maioria dos candidatos subestimam gravemente a importância da carta de apresentação e acabam prestando mais atenção ao currículo de consultoria do que à carta de apresentação. Eu diria que a alocação do esforço deve ser revertida - muito mais tempo colocado na carta de apresentação do que no currículo ou currículo.
Sem uma boa carta de apresentação é 1) difícil de se destacar, e 2) fácil de ser esquecido por acidente.
Quando alguém como eu seleciona cartas e currículos, geralmente fazemos isso em lotes - dezenas, senão centenas, de candidatos ao mesmo tempo. Quando eu estava na equipe de recrutamento da McKinsey Stanford, tive que passar por uma pilha de 400 currículos e consultar cartas de apresentação em poucas horas.
Tenha em mente que estes eram 400 candidatos que estavam em processo de graduação em Stanford. Então o pool de candidatos já era bem forte.
Do ponto de vista de um pesquisador de currículos, rever muitas cartas de apresentação é uma experiência muito dolorosa. Todas as letras de capa parecem e soam iguais.
É muito óbvio que a maioria deles são letras de mala direta que se parecem com isso:
Eu estou escrevendo para aplicar para o com.
Meu histórico como uma posição XYZ, eu sinto que seria um bom ajuste para a posição.
Blá blá blá. CHATO.
A razão chata é um problema porque mostra ao leitor que você não se importa com esse papel. Isso não mostra que você fez qualquer lição de casa sobre essa empresa ou função.
Em outras palavras, do ponto de vista de interesse, você não se distinguiu nem um pouco.
Isso é tanto um problema quanto uma oportunidade. Não importa o quão qualificado você seja ou não (o que é tarde demais para mudar neste ponto), você PODE controlar quanto interesse você mostra ao leitor de currículo / carta de apresentação.
Além disso, uma boa carta de apresentação deve indicar os itens ESPECÍFICOS no currículo ou no CV que RELACIONAM DIRETAMENTE com o que o empregador está procurando nessa função.
Como um visualizador de currículos, eu não li todos os currículos enviados. Eu os examino procurando palavras-chave reconhecíveis. Essas palavras-chave são basicamente nomes de marca (universidades e empregadores), notas de teste, GPAs.
O problema para você é que quando um examinador de currículo (nota: eu não disse "leitor") examina seu currículo ele / ela está propenso a ignorar as coisas que você pode querer enfatizar. Este é especialmente o caso se o que você fez é impressionante, mas não encapsulado em um nome de marca que seja facilmente reconhecível.
Por exemplo, digamos que você criou uma empresa e a vendeu por US $ 50 milhões. Mas o nome da sua empresa não é bem conhecido. Se você simplesmente colocar isso em um currículo, há uma chance razoável de que essa conquista seja negligenciada em um rápido exame de currículo. MAS, se você explicar seu feito em uma carta de apresentação, definitivamente não será.
Quando eu escolhi os candidatos, mesmo aqueles apenas aplicando para um estágio de McKinsey, eu sempre leio os primeiros parágrafos de CADA carta de apresentação. Eu geralmente não lia a carta inteira, a menos que eu li algo intrigante nos primeiros parágrafos.
Se a carta de apresentação fosse medíocre, eu normalmente apenas digitalizaria o currículo muito rapidamente, apenas para confirmar minha inclinação para colocar o aplicativo na pilha de rejeição.
Se a carta de apresentação fosse impressionante ou interessante, eu definitivamente leria toda a carta de apresentação e leria o currículo inteiro com muito cuidado.
Em outras palavras, a carta de apresentação é a PRIMEIRA coisa que o empregador vê e determina se vão ou não se incomodar em aprender mais sobre você.
Então, qual é a grande lição aqui?
A carta de apresentação perfeita para um trabalho de consultoria (ou qualquer trabalho para esse assunto) não é uma carta de formulário!
Confie em mim.
Cada carta de apresentação para cada empresa deve ser única e diferente das cartas que você escreve para outras empresas.
Eu li milhares de cartas de apresentação na minha carreira. É tortura lê-los.
Você deve se destacar.
Há algumas coisas que você pode fazer para se destacar, listadas em nenhuma ordem específica:
1) Coloque seus nomes de marca na primeira frase ou parágrafo (você sabe. Harvard, suas medalhas olímpicas, etc.)
2) Mostre que você fez sua lição de casa sobre a empresa (muito importante). Por que você quer trabalhar para essa empresa em particular? Qual é o seu motivo único? Como você tem certeza de suas preferências? Por quê?
3) Converse com as pessoas na empresa (google: entrevistas informativas) para ver o que a empresa está fazendo. Faça sua lição de casa. Então, na carta de apresentação, nomes de nomes. mencione os nomes das pessoas na empresa com quem você falou, o que elas disseram sobre a empresa e por que o que elas disseram fez com que você se interessasse pela empresa.
4) Explique porque você mordeu um bom ajuste para a empresa. Não é bom o suficiente para ser qualificado. Há muitas pessoas qualificadas por aí. Empresas de consultoria e empregadores em geral gostam de contratar pessoas qualificadas e motivadas por razões legítimas e sinceras.
Uma boa frase para usar em sua carta é algo assim.
"Ao contrário de outros candidatos que você está vendo que provavelmente têm o traço XYZ, eu tenho o traço ABC por causa da minha experiência na empresa XYZ."
Ao contrário de outros candidatos que você está vendo que provavelmente parecem entusiasmados com a consultoria, tenho certeza do meu interesse em consultoria por causa do meu recente estágio na empresa de consultoria ABC.
O objetivo deste tipo de linguagem é tornar mais fácil para o pesquisador de currículo descobrir como você é diferente do que os outros candidatos.
Não assuma que a pessoa vai descobrir lendo seu currículo. APONTAR A diferença e torná-lo fácil para a pessoa dizer.
Isto é especialmente verdadeiro se você vem de um fundo não tradicional ou não comercial. Se ir a consultoria seria uma grande mudança de carreira para você, é melhor você fazer um ótimo trabalho explicando por que a mudança faz sentido.
Caso contrário, a suposição é um pouco ", ele / ela está aplicando apenas para o inferno". E se o seu background é incrível, é possível que você receba uma entrevista com uma carta ruim.
Pessoalmente, eu tinha ligado em rede como um louco para conhecer pessoas em consultoria antes de me candidatar de verdade. Eu os conhecia. Eles me conheciam. Eu sabia que queria fazer consultoria. e eu acho que isso aconteceu.
Meu currículo não foi incrível. Foi um B +.
Cada carta que eu escrevi era diferente das outras que eu escrevi. Eu regularmente citava coisas memoráveis ​​de pessoas específicas com quem falei dessas empresas e expliquei por que fiquei impressionado com elas.
Até hoje ainda me lembro do que me impressionou sobre certas pessoas em cada empresa. e o que eu pensei que mostrasse sobre a empresa.
Em suma, eu definitivamente tinha minhas razões pelas quais eu estava me inscrevendo e fui muito deliberado em compartilhar essas razões. E, mais importante, minhas cartas de apresentação não se pareciam com as outras.
Depois de consultar, para cada trabalho que recebi depois de consultado, provavelmente calculei a média de apenas duas ou três empresas para cada oferta de emprego que recebi. Eu era muito seletivo em quem eu queria trabalhar. Eu fiz o meu dever de casa. Expliquei minhas razões em uma boa carta de apresentação e, na maioria das vezes, tive uma reunião com o CEO.
Isso é muito trabalho?
A maioria das pessoas leva tanto esforço?
Por que isso funciona?
Precisamente porque a maioria das pessoas não está disposta a fazer o trabalho extra para se destacar.
Se você achou essa postagem útil, você terá acesso a centenas de postagens como essa na seção somente para membros deste site.
A associação é gratuita e os membros registrados têm acesso a um workshop de vídeo de 6 horas que dei aos estudantes da Harvard Business School sobre como passar a entrevista - formato de entrevista exclusivo que você encontrará depois que sua carta de apresentação e currículo forem aceitos pelo possível empregador.
Tenha em mente que quando você é convidado para uma entrevista, você normalmente tem apenas cerca de uma semana de antecedência. Se você nunca encontrou uma entrevista de caso antes, é preciso muita preparação para se sair bem.
Como a área de consultoria é tão competitiva, muitos dos candidatos que acabam sendo mais bem-sucedidos acabam se preparando para a entrevista do caso MESES antes de sua entrevista real com um empregador.
Para saber mais sobre o processo de preparação da entrevista de caso e sobre a melhor forma de se preparar, consulte os extensos tutoriais em vídeo da entrevista de caso disponíveis apenas para membros registrados. (A associação é gratuita).
Para acessar esses recursos gratuitos, basta se cadastrar abaixo:
Observação: todos os registros exigem que você confirme seu endereço de e-mail.
Por favor, digite seu endereço de e-mail com cuidado.
Você pode gostar .
Intencionalmente super-qualificado.
O poder da influência.
Eu sinto Muito. Essa foi a minha culpa.
Ótima ajuda!! Eu estava prestes a apresentar um pedido de uma empresa de consultoria que eu gostaria de participar e seu texto me faz pensar e rever minha carta de apresentação.
Eu também, eu tinha uma carta escrita, em seguida, reescrevi-lo depois de ler isso e eu gosto muito mais agora.
Ótimo conselho! Eu estou no processo de tentar retornar à consultoria e sinto que a carta de apresentação pode ser usada como um ativo (como você descreveu acima), ou pode prejudicá-lo se for uma carta de formulário genérica. Isso definitivamente vai me fazer repensar essa parte do aplicativo!
Um grande conselho para reverter o peso que um candidato dá à cv e para uma nota de capa.
Muito agradável ! Muito obrigado .
É muito bom e muito útil desde que eu estou ensinando (gratuitamente) soft skills incluindo Presentaion Skills, Communication Skills, Body Language, Professional C. V. escrevendo e Habilidades de Entrevista. Eu sou professor em geologia, mas eu gosto dessas habilidades e eu certamente acredito que eles são mais importantes para cada estudante de graduação. Eu realmente gosto e aprecio esses materiais informativos.
Realmente estas são boas dicas sobre a carta de apresentação, Deixe-me te agradecer muito.
Isso foi muito útil. Meu currículo foi assim, e minha carta de apresentação melhorou definitivamente minhas entrevistas.
Conselho muito útil. Eu estou no processo de escrever minhas cartas de apresentação e achei os 4 itens listados na postagem do autor muito úteis.
Eu escrevi um bom número de aplicativos com cartas de apresentação iguais ou semelhantes. Agora eu sei porque eu não pude ser convidado para entrevistas.
Obrigado por postar isso. No passado, eu fiz um grande esforço em minhas cartas de apresentação, no entanto, eu queria saber se você poderia comentar sobre a importância do comprimento vs conteúdo. Para muitas empresas, eu tenho citações de muitos dos seus representantes, e há muitas coisas sobre as suas empresas que eu poderia escrever sobre isso e me atrair. No passado, eu tinha 5 parágrafos & # 8211; um abridor com o básico + alguém com quem conversei e o que eles disseram, 2 parágrafos detalhando uma experiência e como isso se relaciona com o que eles estão procurando, 1 parágrafo com três coisas sobre a empresa que eu gosto, e então um sinal. Normalmente, eu tenho que encolher a fonte para 11 para ajustá-la na página, mas estou preocupado que isso seja menosprezado / as pessoas não leiam algo assim por muito tempo.
É melhor mantê-lo mais curto e arriscar que eles pensem que é uma carta-modelo? O parágrafo sobre o porquê dessa empresa em particular é demais ou é uma coisa boa? O que você sugere em geral no balanceamento de comprimento e conteúdo?
O & # 8220; segredo & # 8221; é tornar sua carta de apresentação única, altamente diferenciada e interessante. O comprimento é secundário.
Também é muito importante ser conciso. Não use duas palavras, quando uma fará. Não há necessidade de contar sua história de vida, apenas se concentre naquilo que o diferencia.
No entanto, tenho visto centenas de cartas de apresentação longas e não diferenciadas. Este é o pior dos mundos.
Como & # 8216; único & # 8217; sua carta de apresentação é permitida? Eu também estava me perguntando qual seria a melhor forma de apresentar as marcas nas quais trabalhei nas primeiras frases. Vale a pena mencionar meu trabalho no McDonalds ou é melhor deixar isso de lado? Eu também estava me perguntando se é vital ter um histórico de negócios?
Deve haver uma causa mais nobre por que você quer fazer consultoria. Deve haver um quadro maior que precisa ser mencionado em sua carta de apresentação. "Eu sabia que queria fazer consultoria", e o motivo deve ser mencionado. Mera carta de formulário apenas não vai fazer!
Obrigado Victor pelas dicas. Eles certamente me ajudariam desde que pretendo me candidatar a algumas empresas agora.
Oi! Este recurso foi muito útil e esclarecedor..BTW, é possível para você fornecer uma carta de amostra para dizer, BAIN?
Eu serei extremamente grato a você !!
Excelente post. Eu estava verificando constantemente este blog e estou impressionado! Informações muito úteis especificamente a última parte 🙂 Eu me importo muito com essa informação. Eu estava procurando por essa informação em particular há muito tempo. Obrigado e boa sorte.
Obrigado pelo seu ótimo post. Eu sinto que você acabou de abrir meus olhos sobre como realmente escrever um bom currículo. Definitivamente, é importante ter em mente que todos nós devemos fazer nossas pesquisas e trabalhos de casa sobre por que queremos trabalhar nas empresas específicas para as quais estamos nos candidatando.
Obrigado pelo ótimo post e estou ansioso para outros grandes posts de abrir os olhos!
Obrigado pelo conselho incrível. Eu estava pensando em começar a me candidatar para empresas de consultoria. No entanto, eu acho meu meio de desqualificação. Eu me formei na UW-Platteville na BSME e eu nem sabia da existência de firmas de consultoria até poucas semanas atrás, depois de muitas tentativas fracassadas de encontrar um emprego na minha área de estudo. Muitas ofertas de emprego que recebi foram em pequenas instalações de fabricação e principalmente em mãos / ficar tipo sujo de empregos. Quando eu aprendi sobre empresas de consultoria, onde posso começar a trabalhar com a gerência, lidar com assuntos internacionais, além de extensas viagens internacionais, parecia o que eu queria o tempo todo. No entanto, olhando através de muitos sites de empresas de consultoria de topo, eles principalmente contratar estudantes honrados da Ivy League com currículos pendentes. Embora eu tenha habilidades analíticas altamente desenvolvidas, assim como uma grande paixão pelo rápido crescimento do comércio global e da economia, encontrei-me bem sob sua linha de corte. Devo me preocupar em me candidatar a essas empresas?
Não ouça o triste John, se você puder entrar em rede, tudo é possível. Encontre alguém na empresa com quem você pode se conectar e deixe-O dizer se você pode ou não fazê-lo, e não alguma internet aleatória.
Kim, não se incomode. Você tem chance zero.
Eu trabalho em uma empresa de consultoria de topo & # 8211; ouvir Dustin. Não me leve a mal, não será fácil, mas se você entrar em rede ou for pelo caminho do MBA (conseguir uma pontuação alta no GMAT) e for para um dos 10 melhores do MBA, poderá abrir muitas portas.
@kim: Eu diria que você não sabe até que você tente! Encontre uma empresa que seja adequada ao seu background e vá em frente. Afinal, se você atirar para a lua, você vai acabar entre as estrelas. boa sorte.
Eu gosto da sua abordagem única de fazer uma carta de apresentação. senhor eu estou no terceiro ano de engenharia e eu tentei o meu melhor para obter estágios ainda não pagos em mc kinsey e outra empresa de prestígio, mas eu sucinto. Senhor, por favor, se você poderia responder me sugerir o que devo fazer no meu verão, o que seria proveitoso para mim para entrar em qualquer uma das melhores e prestigiadas consultorias do mundo.
Bem, eu realmente gostei de ler seus pensamentos, mas acho que você deve usar figuras do site.
Há sempre muita informação.
Victor, eu li muitos livros sobre como escrever carta de apresentação, & # 8221; mas nenhum toque nesses pontos importantes como você faz. Muito obrigado por toda sua generosa ajuda e conselhos.
Excelente informação dada. Poderia me enviar uma carta modelo para a posição acadêmica, como professor de gerenciamento de negócios. e alguns exemplos de CVs impressionantes.
Eu tenho lido seus posts, dicas de entrevista de caso, etc desde há muito e é definitivamente uma boa leitura. É um abridor de olhos e nos ajuda a fazer uma escolha informada para cada organização que estamos aplicando e a maneira como estamos nos candidatando / aparecendo para as entrevistas. Agradecimento e gratidão por compartilhar todos os seus insights, histórias de sucesso.
Por algum motivo, não consigo acessar os vídeos no back end.
Me desculpe por isso. Nosso sistema de filiação está com problemas técnicos. Temos uma engenharia trabalhando para consertá-lo. Nada a fazer do seu lado além de tentar novamente amanhã.
John & # 8211; Os vídeos estão programados para estarem de volta on-line no final do dia 10 de julho.
Sou analista de investimentos bancários no Citi há dois anos e gostaria de passar para consultoria. O trabalho no Citi me ajudou muito na análise de números e nas habilidades analíticas. Estou planejando aplicar no LEK para 2013 como estou muito interessado em sua companhia aérea & amp; consultoria aeroespacial. Vou começar meus preparativos em alguns dias, você pode sugerir um bom ponto de partida, depois de passar pela web, descobri que as entrevistas de consultoria são muito diferentes das do IB.
Você está certo de que as entrevistas do IB são muito diferentes do que o caso de consultoria & # 8221; case & # 8221; entrevista. Existem dois bons lugares para começar.
Os primeiros são os tutoriais em vídeo de 6 horas disponíveis para os membros do site (a associação é gratuita). Se você já é um membro, basta ir para o caso de inspeção / login, se você ainda não é membro, você pode se tornar um de graça, visitando a home page no caso de entrevista.
O segundo é o meu livro Case Interview Secrets, que é um pouco mais atual do que os vídeos.
Obrigado, sim, acabei de me registrar para me tornar um membro. Gostaria de saber quando começa a temporada de recrutamento e é apenas o recrutamento do campus ou pessoas como eu que têm alguma experiência também pode aplicar e se eu posso aplicar, então, quando seria certo & amp; melhor momento para aplicar.
Para a maioria das empresas, há uma temporada definida para o recrutamento no campus. Isso varia de acordo com o tipo de escola (por exemplo, graduação versus MBA) e período integral versus estágio de verão.
Para contratações experientes, o processo geralmente está rolando & # 8211; aplique sempre que quiser. Não há melhor momento universal para se candidatar a contratações experientes. No entanto, para as datas de início, as grandes empresas podem pedir-lhe para começar quando as contratações do campus começarem & # 8211; geralmente no verão até o início do outono (refletindo o início de um ano acadêmico). Então eles podem te entrevistar em fevereiro, mas pedir para você começar em agosto & # 8212; como muitos programas de treinamento interno são organizados com base nesse ciclo.
Para empresas menores que não têm uma estrutura de treinamento grande e eles vão usar contratações experientes para recrutar para papéis onde eles querem que alguém comece imediatamente.
Muito obrigado, você foi muito útil. Eu comecei meus preparativos e aplicarei em meados de novembro. Com exceção das classificações top 50 do Vault, existem outras classificações disponíveis para empresas de consultoria.
Eu já vi outras listas de classificação on-line antes, mas não lembre seus nomes ou endereço do site. Eles definitivamente existem.
Eu estou vindo de uma função de suporte a trader em um grande banco no Canadá. É muito menos prestigioso que o IB. Eu não acho que eu teria uma chance na MBB, então estou apontando para as segundas camadas.
Além de networking (que eu sei que é provavelmente a minha melhor aposta), como posso me diferenciar dos meus concorrentes através da minha carta de apresentação para obter a entrevista. Eu tenho o nome da marca de uma escola-alvo, mas apenas 3,3 gpa & # 8211; Eu também estou aplicando como uma contratação experiente (não devo incluir o GPA, pois é um pouco baixo)
Para uma empresa de segunda linha, você pode conseguir excluir o gpa como uma contratação experiente, desde que:
1) você teve 5 + anos de experiência & # 8230; se for 2 anos, é um pouco próximo da graduação, a maioria das empresas vai querer vê-lo.
2) você tem uma pontuação GRE ou GMAT muito alta & # 8230; você pode obter o benefício da dúvida inicialmente & # 8230; Assim, a escola alvo + 800 GMAT + sem gpa no currículo + boa experiência de trabalho, pode ser suficiente para obter uma primeira rodada ou para obter uma chamada de cortesia de um coordenador de recrutamento para pedir o GPA.
A chave é usar a pontuação do teste e a realização do local de trabalho para compensar a falta de gpa ou baixo gpa.
Eu tenho um vídeo no top 5 retomar os erros de escrita, localizado em: caseinterview / consultoria-currículo, onde um dos erros comuns não está conseguindo compensar os pontos fracos. A combinação dos resultados dos seus testes e realizações de trabalho precisa ser tão boa quanto possível.
Além disso, no meu kit de ferramentas para redigir currículos de consultoria, tenho várias horas de vídeos mostrando-me reescrevendo currículos de outras pessoas. Se acontecer de você ter o kit de ferramentas, você vai querer olhar para esses vídeos com cuidado e aplicar especificamente a técnica que eu uso para escrever currículos para escrever as descrições das realizações do seu local de trabalho em sua carta de apresentação.
Em outras palavras, retomar a bala na experiência de trabalho = descrição da carta de apresentação da experiência de trabalho.
As informações do kit de ferramentas aparecem na parte inferior desta página:
Eu tenho trabalhado por 3 anos e parece que eles vão querer saber meu GPA de qualquer maneira, então eu poderia muito bem colocá-lo.
Eu li um conselho sobre cartas de apresentação e fiquei imaginando quais eram seus pensamentos em relação a: NUNCA abra sua carta com Dear Sir or Madam ou a quem possa interessar & # 8221 ;. Ser específico é ideal, mas em grandes empresas de consultoria, os leitores (scanners) de cartas / currículos podem ser qualquer um de um grande número de consultores. Quem você diria uma carta de apresentação para?
Obrigado por todos os seus conselhos!
Se você tiver um contato específico na empresa, deve enviar a carta de apresentação para essa pessoa específica. Se você está aplicando de forma mais geral, então um querido senhor / senhora, a quem possa interessar, está bem.
Unless the salutation is offensive (eg. Dear Sir — there by assuming the decision maker couldn’t possibly be a woman), the salutation is largely ignored. The reader focuses on the first paragraph to see if anything catches his or her eye. If yes, he or she will read the whole letter and resume carefully. If not, he or she will skim the rest of the cover letter and look to the resume.
If the top 20% of the resume looks interesting, the reader will read the whole resume carefully. If the top 20% is not interesting, he or she will skim the rest basically looking for keywords that stand out as interesting.
I am trying to access the case interview preparation videos and.
1. I am not able to login to the website.
3. The link caseinterview. customerhub/session does not log us in but rather keeps looping us in without any effect!
Is there an alternate resource where i can access you videos.
Since our Summer Placements are just a month apart and the Consulting firms would be visiting us the first day, it would really help if i can access the resource.
Desde já, obrigado,
We have just checked and currently the login site is working so you may want to try emptying your cache and then try to log back into caseinterview/login or caseinterview. customerhub.
I have recently completed my Master’s degree in economics, and I would like to enter the world of consulting (Mckinsey, Bcg, etc.). I have no experience in consulting (no work experience).
What should I write in my cover letter to catch the attention of recruiter’s eye?
If the goal is a top 3 firm and you have no work experience, realistically the GRE, GPA and academic institution need to be extremely good. Assuming you have this, you’d want to lead your cover letter with your “stats” and school name.
Thanks Victor. This put a few things in perspective for me now.
I am trying to get into consulting without any prior related experience. I have a high GPA from a non-target but recently separated from the military where I was a Chinese translator and just wrapped up an internship at Goldman. Would these items be enough to make me stand out in a cover letter/resume, or are they still too irrelevant to consulting?
Thanks for your help,
Emphasize the internship at Goldman. The Goldman name opens doors. Not a guarantee, but with Goldman I’m fairly certain they will read your resume very carefully (as opposed to just skim and toss it).
The high GPA is useful, but its non-target so it is hard to gauge whether a high GPA at a non-target is better, same or worse, than say a 3.5 at Harvard. If you have high standardized test scores, especially in math, DEFINITELY include those. High math + Goldman will definitely be considered.
Thank you for this amazing resource. I have just read the tips on writing a winning cover letter for consulting jobs. Muito informativo.
I have recently completed my PhD and also have two masters. I am drawn to work in consultancy. Without much work experience, do you think my educational qualifications give me any advantage?
I think the PhD is neutral in terms of qualification. In general, the firms are looking for the best at each level of education. So they’re looking for the top X% of the MBA’s, the top X% of the PhD’s, etc…
Of all the firms, McKinsey probably values PhD’s the most, followed by BCG. McKinsey in particular stared hiring PhD’s first and have a fairly large training infrastructure to train new PhD’s and postdocs in business.
The smaller firms tend not to prefer MBA’s unless its say a life sciences consulting firm where the PhD knowledge IS the main expertise being consulted on. If it’s a more general business strategy firm, the smaller firms often are setup to train someone with great raw talent but no actual business experience.
Amongst the PhD’s what the firms will look at are the selectivity of your schools (include masters and undergrad), the prestige level of the specific program you’re in, your GRE scores, and work history / publishing history.
Obrigado pelo seu feedback! Certainly informative.
Thanks for the great first-hand experience.
I have a question regarding my own situation:
I entered consulting early building an own small consulting business selling my own knowledge and skills during my Bachelor and Master studies. Even though these were not large scale strategy projects with multi-million budgets, of course, I managed projects of increasing scale and complexity, including a project abroad in Asia, and the latest one at a MNC being part of a project directly under the group’s board and realizing a multi-million budget for execution of the strategy and roadmap we developed. At that time, I had just finished my Master’s.
While my career plan was to enter a consulting firm, I was offered the opportunity to build a new country from scratch for a well-known MNC. Within a couple of months I took the company to #2 in that market, before making the decision that I want to get back into consulting and build my career there.
While I believe that my professional experience qualifies me well for top-tier consulting firms, my weak points are my academic records. Even though I graduated from one of the top-tier universities in my country, my MSc GPA is just 3.6, and my BSc GPA is even lower, and having some ugly Fs in a few courses.
Is my professional experience enough to compensate for my weak academic results? Do you think it makes sense to study for a MBA first to get a better GPA and the degree on my resume before getting back into consulting?
Your experience sounds very strong. It’s a definite plus. The MsC GPA of 3.6 out of 4.0 is actually considered pretty good if it’s a target school in a quantitatively oriented program.
The F’s are a big problem. If they undergrad is substantially below a 3.5, you’ll need to include a an explanation of why they are so low. In addition, high standardized test scores like a GMAT would help paint the picture that your undergrad grades were due to a lack of focus as opposed to a lack of ability.
The more you work, the more degrees you get, the more the undergrad grades fall off in terms of relevance.
I wouldn’t recommend getting a MBA solely to apply for consulting jobs. But, if the MBA is in your plan regardless and you did well, it provides more data that undergrad grades were a lack of effort issue as opposed to lack of ability. Again, you’ll need to explain WHY you didn’t put much effort into undegrad studies.
Personally, I would try applying now and seeing what happens. Test the “market” and see what you’re up against. Applying as an experienced hire, they will look more at your professional accomplishments than the academic (relatively speaking), so you might have enough to get considered.
It is just so frustrating sometimes to write cover letters because everything you want to say has been said on the companies website! I genuinely want to join a management consulting firm due to my love for problem solving and also due to the fact that I have to opportunity to collaborate with other brilliant people but I was told that these reasons were bland if I were to put them in my cover letter.
Then say that, and then acknowledge you know they’ve probably heard it before, but its definitely why you’re interested. If you can include references to any people at the firm you know or have met or reference any prior work they’ve done or what you’ve read about the firm, those are worth doing to demonstrate serious thoughtful interest.
I’m a recent graduate from the University of Virginia and I recently realized that I might actually like consulting. I have a non-business undergrad degree but I got graduated with Honors in an Honors Program, I have a close to perfect math SAT score and A’s in the two calculus classes I took in college.
Is it too late to for me to apply in November of the fall recruitment cycle? Should I wait for next year instead? I want to get into a top consulting firm but I don’t want to risk jeopardizing my chances of getting in just because I applied off-cycle (in combination with applying out of campus and having a non-business background). If I get rejected by a firm once, does that hurt my chances when I apply for the next cycle? Also, how do I balance taking the time to network (and hence write a good cover letter) with trying to apply as soon as possible? I don’t want to keep putting off applying though because I still want to do either a JD or MBA degree after a 2-3 year stint at consulting.
If you’ve already graduated, you’ll most likely need to apply as an experienced hire (different recruiting team internally, different calendar — more rolling, not tied to campus generally). If in doubt, just call the firm in question and ask what the best way to apply is. They are a little busy this time of year, so try calling before 9am or after 5pm to catch someone live.
Applying off cycle is rarely a negative. At worst, they say we’re putting your resume in the pile for next cycle. With the exception of McKinsey, if you don’t get an offer it doesn’t negatively impact you in you apply again. At McKinsey, if you take the PST and/or get through one or more rounds, they ask you to wait 18 – 24 months before applying again.
Now if you don’t get selected for the PST or the interview, it doesn’t hurt to reapply again. This is more of a “you got lost in the shuffle” issue (happens all the time) as opposed to the firm evaluated you in person, didn’t think you were ready yet, and then rejected you (which is different).
You seemed very concerned about this issue, and in my opinion sure it’s an issue, but it’s a relatively minor, somewhat logistical, concern.
Since you’re most likely applying non-campus, take the time to network and find yourself an “in” at each firm you’re looking to reach.
If you apply online, that generally only works if your resume is awesome — target school, big name employers, high GPA and/or high test scores. Você pode fazer as duas coisas. Eles não são mutuamente exclusivos.
Online applications, where you are lumped in with the masses (e. g., the many unemployed people who apply to 10,000 firms in 30 days by blasting their resume indiscriminately everywhere), the initial screen is more or less a keyword search filter. It’s done by either an administrative type person or increasingly by a computer.
Harvard resumes get kicked out to a human reviewer. Local community college resumes don’t.
first of all THANK YOU for this article… currently one of the most interesting on internet.
I’m 23 from Italy with a bachelor and master’s degree in Mechanical Engineering (101/110 and 109/110 respectively) with a M. B.M. obtained in 2011. Moreover I have been working in one of the biggest firm about thermic comfort in the world since 2011 (March) and my role is Technology Analyst in Strategic Marketing Department.
I focused all my education course to become a McKinsey consultant, so:
1) how do you think I can emphasize my course through letter? (in particular my age… I did a lot of things at the same time to have my master’s degree 10 days ago!)
2) During my work I often ran into McKinsey’s reports, do you think this could be useful in order to emphasize my work experience?
3) I met a person who currently is a Business Analyst in McKinsey. You wrote this is a plus and I should report this info in my letter but do you think I should have his approval?
Ops, I wrote really much… desculpa!
Obrigado de novo!
For #1: write down all the things that make you different than your peers. Sort them from most unique to least, and then emphasize the first 1 – 3 items in your cover letter. You want to be both a) qualified and b) unique.
For #2 – it is fine to mention you ran into McKinsey reports in your work. It probably helps a little, but not enormously so.
For #3 – it is not necessary to ask permission from the McKinsey BA you met to mention him or her in a cover letter provided your focus your comments on YOUR reactions to meeting this person. It is not a bad idea to ask for permission, but mostly to signal to this BA that you are applying. You might send your cover letter (when it is 110% ready to go) and resume to the BA for his or her “approval” on the off chance he or she might be impressed by it, and turn it into the recruiting department on your behalf with an explicit or implied endorsement.
Only do this if you felt you made a strong impression on this BA and that he or she remembers you. If it was just a passing interaction, then you probably want to avoid this and just mention your reaction to meeting him or her.
Reading some of the previous comments here has been very educating. I have a background in geology, a postgraduate degree in geosciences and an MBA(Oil & Gas management) from a non-target school. However i’d like your views on some concerns.
1. my undergrad gpa is not very impressive (2.2)
2. during my MBA and post-graduate geoscience my grades changed significantly (on a scale of 5.0 i scored 3.9, this corresponds to a Postgraduate merit in UK system)
3. I also did take the GRE test and scored a 690 out of 800 (quantitative score) with an overall score of 1290.
4. I have 3+ years of work experience having brand names clients in Oil and gas industry.
i just finished my MBA and looking to go into consulting, what are your thoughts.
The undergrad GPA is pretty low by consulting standards. You might be able to get away with omitting it on your resume if you have enough work experience. If you get asked about it, you do have to disclose it and you should have a good explanation ready for why it was so low.
Your MBA and GRE scores puts you in the top 8 – 25+ firms. Your numbers are probably not strong enough for the top 7. This could be offset by having contacts in your target firm or if the caliber of your previous employers and the b-school is very strong.
It doesn’t hurt to apply, but definitely don’t only apply to the top 7.
Many thanks for your reply and really appreciate the effort you have taken to respond. As you rightly stated, it doesn’t hurt applying to the top 7 alongside the other consulting firms.
I have consulted for the some of the major oil n gas companies (Shell & Chevron) in my previous jobs. How does the consulting industry perceive the companies?
Shell and Chevron are well known F500 companies. As employer or client names, they are well respected. The more important factor will be looking at what kind of work you did for them and assessing the results of that work.
Reading your post was a great insight. I am recent college graduate with a degree in Global public health from a small liberal arts school (under grad gpa +3.3). I have great work experience in the non profit and sound thesis research experience. I have plenty of extra curricular showing leadership, public speaking and I have a small independent entrepreneurship project on the side.
I am looking to join Mckinsey because I seek the extensive analytical and disciplined training.
I can probably even get some contacts.
Can you advise me on the best way to stand out and apply?
also, what if I got an email address for a former high level mckinsey consultant and sent him an email reinforcing my dedication and drive to get in? Would you advise that?
Your background would be considered at the very low end amongst consultants working at McKinsey. The GPA is low (especially for a non target school, if you had a 3.8+ at a non target school that would a different all together, the prestige factor of your school probably isn’t on the target school list, and your experience isn’t one normally seems as compensating for the other areas of your background (for example if you had the above and was currently working at Goldman, that would give the recruiter pause and prompt him or her to say maybe we should take a closer look).
So as starting point, this would be a long shot (but not impossible) situation. Here are a list of offsetting factors:
1) 95% tile or higher on a GRE or GMAT or SAT especially in math.
2) knowing someone who has had a chance to evaluate your analytical skills via a case and is willing to endorse you.
3) truly exceptional case interview performance. Given your background, merely good performance isn’t sufficient. You need to do it measurable better than the Harvard grads.
In terms of your contact, emphasizing your drive and determination will have very little impact. Instead, you need to explain how strong a candidate you are even though your resume doesn’t convey this (at least by the very high McKinsey standards).
You will need to realistically do a LOT of networking and expect to face skepticism at every turn. Expect an informal case, mainly so the (being honest here) the other person can confirm your skills aren’t strong enough and discourage you from applying.
BUT, if you blow them away on the case, THAT will get noticed. Keep in mind this is not the case interview, this is the case they give you in the middle of lunch or during a networking phone call that determines where they will endorse your resume and request to get a real case interview.
I received a note from a FFY with a very similar background as yours who got offers at Bain, BCG, and McKinsey. He did 400 practice cases and tried calling close to 2,000 people (i think that was the number) working at MBB to get considered.
The process evolved as I describe above. BCG and McK refused to interview him, but BCG changed their minds once he showed them the Bain offer. And McKinsey changed their mind once he showed them both the Bain and BCG offers. All in, I would estimate it took him 600 – 1,000 hours to get it all done. Clearly he was VERY determined to both get considered and be good enough to be worth considering.
I would appreciate if you didn’t publish my website (I included it in my previous comment).
I am reading your book on case-interviews and the information on your website, and find it very helpful, motivating, and inspiring!
I have a phd in one of the social sciences disciplines from NYU (my department and subfield are ranked top 10 in my field). My undergraduate GPA is 4 and my graduate GPA is 3.87. I have a publication in one of the leading journals in my field, and some papers under review. I have extensive training in quantitative data analysis, experience with several statistical software packages, and some knowledge of programming for data analysis. I also have training and work experience in applied game theory. In addition, prior to grad school I gained professional experience in public sector. Non-academic jobs, and especially consulting, are appealing to me for two main reasons: 1) opportunity to work on real-world problems, and see the impact of my work; 2) team work, or at least frequent interaction with other people. I also know 3 foreign languages, in addition to English.
Given my background, do you think I have a high chance of getting an interview if I apply online? How would you suggest that I maximize my chances of being interviewed? Do you think there are any weak spots or questions that application readers might have, and that I should address in my cover-letter?
Your background is pretty good, but the perception of yur background will be negatively biased based on prestige of undergrad and grad institutions. You could very much fit in at a top firm – certainly top 10 if not top 3, but you’re going to need to get the attention of somebody inside the firm to more closely evaluate your background.
I think the odds of getting an interview via online application (given your background) will be substantially lower than if you apply via networking. The online application favors the qualified a candidate hitting the target criteria exactly – Ivy, 3.5+ GPA, big firm internship, test scores in 95%+.
There are many, many exceptions to the target critters, but they usually have a hard time getting noticed via online applications.
See my articles on networking and email my assistant Kirsten (at) caseinterview for details on a new program on this topic I’m pilot testing next week.
Thank you for the article and website!
Actually I have a question about you: How can you be so energetic and productive (as far as I know, you run two websites, wrote many books and articles, and had TV interviews).
I will be a FFY next year and I heard the consulting life is tough. So I want to keep energetic as well, like you.
Could you share some secrets about how to do that, if any? Obrigado!
I’m not sure I’m all that energetic, though I do get a fair amount done with whatever energy that I do have.
In terms of what I do that is transferable to consulting, there are two things:
1) For the long-term important stuff, carve out X minutes per day to focus on that. Time goes by and if you’re making daily progress, you eventually get better.
2) Delegate to others whenever possible (your assistant, the graphic design person, your client team members) and focus on the activities where you add the most value per hour spent.
For example, on this website, I’ve written 425 articles. When I actually count, I’m amazed by how many articles there are — all of you have a lot of questions!
BUT, when I break it down to a daily level — say spending 1 hour per day writing which for me is about one article. The micro level time investment is imminently achievable by anyone.
When I write articles, I imagine writing an email to a friend. So the question is could you spend an hour a day writing one really good email to a friend? I’m sure you already come pretty close to that (though it’s probably an hour on several smaller emails).
The only difference between what you already are able to do on an hourly basis and what I’ve done on this website, is I just did it every weekday for two years or so.
In short, the little daily things really add up over time.
Thanks for the wonderful tips on website and in the newsletter.
I am from India and have around 9 years of IT-consulting experience (6 years for a top-tier IB of which 3 years in London). I’m about to finish my 1 yr MBA from a top-2 school in India and currently my GPA is 2.5/4. My GMAT was 730 (Q48,V37) and I finished my Comp. Sci. undergrad with Honors from a well-known engineering school (non-IIT).
I’m interested in BTO Consulting roles and need your help regarding :
uma. I just turned 30. Does that or my 9 yrs of experience count against me ?
b. Is my low GPA a big problem for MBB ? Or should I give it a shot ?
c. Which consulting companies should I realistically target ?
Thanks for your time !
a) Age and experience isn’t a major issue.
b) The GPA is an issue. It doesn’t hurt to try, but that GPA relatively to everything else in your “package” sticks out. I don’t know BTO that well — so it is possible your work experience will compensate for the GPA, but I somewhat doubt it will be enough to help.
I wouldn’t only rely on BTO and would suggest going after other firms as well. In terms of competitiveness in the IT consulting market, I don’t know it well enough to suggest specific firms to target.
The resources in your site and the ideas it pools really are very enlightening. It really gives an insight as to the nature of the industry .
I’m a recent graduate (chemical technology and Biotechnology) from a non-brand university in Moscow. My GPA is low by consulting standards, 3.45 and 3.9 out of 5 for my BEng and MEng respectively (though there is a reason). I didn’t undergo any internship because up until about a few months ago, students were not allowed to work here. The only work experience I have is that of teaching business and financial English to members of staff (including managerial) working for international companies here. Of course I have acquired a lot of transferable skills and a general knowledge of the business and financial sectors. Considering the aforementioned, do I stand a chance with any of the consulting firms and would taking any of the specialized tests (GRE, SAT, GMAT) enhance my chances. I contacted the office here and was told resumes are to be sent only through the global site.
Obrigado pelo seu tempo.
A consulting firm might be interested in your background, but most likely not a top firm – perhaps a smaller boutique. A GMAT or GRE score that’s higher than your GPA would normally suggest would help. It might also take working in industry for a few years and getting an MBA to pull it off.
The problem is between the non-brand university, lower gpa, and limited work experience, any one of those three areas can be compensated for, but generally not all three at the same time.
It’s possible to compensate for one of the three and maybe if you’re lucky, 2 out of 3. But 3 of 3 its very difficult, so getting to consulting might be limited to smaller firms or might necessitate an intermediate step (in work experience or going to a brand mba program usually by working in industry first) to get to your goal.
I know you have emphasized in the above posts the significance of GMAT, GPA and the stellar work exp. Even then, I would like to once confirm with you about my candidature for consulting career.
& # 8211; I have an MBA from a target B school (ranked well globally – below 20) however with a low GPA – 2.84.
& # 8211; My GMAT is average – 680.
& # 8211; However I have about 7 years of work experience in the best Market Research firms and have proven my analytical skills. Through these firms I have been involved in consulting for major FMCG firms, involved in global launch of green products, managed groups of people and enormous projects all over the country.
I am very passionate about green consulting and would want to help solve business concerns in this field. Do you think I can aspire for say tier 2 consulting companies?
The article and your thoughtful comments are inspiring me to craft strong cover letters. I am applying for summer internships at MMB. I am third year undergrad at a target business school. I have a GPA of 3.84, but average math scores on the SAT of 680. I have interned for the Department of Commerce and have worked in retail. I also hold a number of executive roles in school organizations (many business related clubs). I have asked several consultants in MMB questions and I hope to include my reaction to some of their responses as well.
Are there any suggested differences in crafting a cover letter for internship opportunities? At this level, how critical is past work experiences versus grades?
I am an undergraduate from a target school looking to get into the top consulting firms. I was wondering that to better position myself for a full-time consulting job, is it more helpful to do a banking internship (I had an offer from Morgan Stanley) or a second tier consulting internship? I know that it is a trade off between big names and relevant experience, and I have been struggling to make a decision.
Muito obrigado!
Both are very good – with a slight edge to Morgan Stanley.
I am an undergraduate student at UCLA with a GPA of 3.7 and SAT scores of 2200. My resume highlights are that I have over 15 weeks worth of experience working in a small consulting firm in the Los Angeles area, two other small internships that involved computer science and accounting. I also hold a couple officer positions for medium size clubs.
Because I feel that my resume doesn’t set me apart as the best of the best (which I am!), I wanted my cover letter to accomplish that. Would you say an unique cover letter can include a rather frank tone or a few jokes?
Thanks for ALL your information. It really has made a significant difference in my confidence for case interviews.
For cover letters, jokes are risky. The effectiveness totally depends on the person and you have absolutely no data on the person. In person, you can kind of tell if someone has a sense of humor or if they are ice cold. I’d stay away from jokes and simply logically argue your case and present your most relevant resume assets.
For UCLA, it would help if you knew or met someone in the firm that you can reference in your letter… Someone they know or can contact internally that can say, “Yeah, I met Tony in person. Seems like a personable guy. We can definitely put him in front of a client.”
Thank you Victor for the quick and informative reply.
I’m doing 1st year MBA from non target school with GMAT 670 and GPA 3.75. School is ranked in late 20’s. I’ve 8 years of work experience in IT consulting.
I’m an international student. With these credentials, Can I aspire to become an management/BT consultant in US?
Your response is greatly appreciated.
I have been your reader for a while, but only interested in consulting recently. I have a quick question for you. I noticed that firms really care about SAT scores since they ask to put that in the application. My SAT score is pretty low I guess (around 2000 with CR 580 and Math 770). Would I not be able to get interview (especially with MBB) just because of a low SAT score?
Thank you for your help and all the stuffs on this website.
The short answer is yes, it is entirely possible to not get an interview (especially with MBB) due to a low SAT score.
They generally tend to care more about the math score than the rest, but they do consider it.
The reason is when the firms analyze the consultants they hire and then 2 years later promote (or fire), those that are promoted tend to have a SAT score (or other standardized test) in a particular range. Also, in the past, a percentage of the consultants that don’t get promoted, had scores below that range.
I know it seems very superficial — especially for experienced hires (and I know you’re probably a potential campus hire) who are asked about their SAT scores from 10 – 15 years ago.
However, I have seen in person that some people just do not have the logical thinking and critical reasoning power that’s needed to go head to head with a CEO client with 30 years industry experience (vs the consultant’s 1 year experience), and to diplomatically prove the client wrong.
THAT is not easy to do.
So a high math test score doesn’t guarantee success in consulting, but a low one does predict struggles (at least by MBB standards. The standards for the rest of the top 10 is lower, but they still look at the scores too).
I recently completed my MEng in Mechanical engineering (4 year undergrad master’s program) in 2012 from the University of Bristol, UK. I got a first class degree, which places me in the top 10%-15% of the class (we don’t have a GPA system at our university).
After my degree, I took a few months off due to some personal commitments and am now looking for jobs, back in my home country of India. Through my interactions with quite a few consultants, I am quite certain that I want to pursue management consulting as a career. However, I do not have any prior work experience in consulting.
I have really enjoyed reading through your book and am trying to practice case interviews using your techniques.
I would be grateful if you could help me with the following areas:
1. How do I make sure that my cover letter stands out since I do not have any consulting experience?
2. I do not have a partner to practice. So, how do you think would be the best way to practice? I have been reading businessweek and trying to analyse cases on my own, but is this the best way to do it?
1) It’s not necessary to have consulting experience to get a consulting job. In fact, the majority of new hires do not have prior consulting experience.
In your cover letter, you want to emphasize the types of skills that consulting firms look for in candidates.
* Ability to do math / think logically (in any context — science, business, engineering, math, non-profits, medicine)
* Ability to work with very diverse people (in any setting — CEO’s, 6 year old children in grade school, men, women, blue collar workers, white collar professionals, multi-cultural groups, students, etc.. )
Basically the same skills you want to highlight in a resume, you want to highlight on your cover letter. For more info on resume skills to highlight, see below:
For case partner practice, take a look at CaseInterviewPartner – this helps you find partners to practice with via Skype. Should be accessible in a few days.
First off, thank you for all your hard work and educating me about all you know in consulting. I’ve been a long-time reader and have always wanted to break in, but haven’t had things go my way since I graduated in 2011.
A quick breakdown, non-target 3.3/4.0 gpa (which I know isn’t great), but I believe I have great work experience. Interned at start-up PE firm, temp-job at JPM, and have been working for a year at Morgan Stanley in a very analytical role. I have known since my Junior year in college that I wanted to get into consulting and want to get in even more now because I have been miserable in the industry work I cover.
I don’t have my eyes set on MBB as I really just want to get into consulting and enjoy the work. I’ve networked a bit and have a few close contacts at a few Big4 firms. What do you think my chances are to break into tier-2/tier-3 firms?
I think give your work experiences and notable employers, I think tier 2 or 3 is a distinct possibility. Morgan Stanley carries a lot of weight.
It will depend on.
1) the prestige level of your non-target school. If it’s a 3.3 at a community college that’s one thing, if it’s at say UCLA that’s different.
2) test scores – if your test scores are much higher than your gpa would suggest, that suggests high ability but perhaps not applied while in school. This would be a favorable interpretation that you want to hope for.
If the non-target school were well known and the test scores were pretty good, combined with Morgan Stanley, I think at least some (but probably not all) of the firms would consider taking a look.
It will help a LOT if you have contacts in these firms. Relationships can overcome resume “deficits”.
Think there is some trouble again to access the videos, am I correct?
The videos should all be working. However, they are often not viewable from China due to firewall issues.
Obrigado por este post. It has helped to change my semi-standard cv and covers, in something very tailored to my skills, experience, Today is Sunday but i have spent more than 3 hours to create a CV +Cover that replace myself for this Job that i love.
Ótimo. Boa sorte!
I have bachelors and masters degrees in engineering (from 2 of the best University’s in the UK) and a year’s experience of working with the internal sustainability advisory of a large MNC. I am considering moving to a role in consulting. What should I highlight in my cover letter to consulting firms.
Degrees, university brand name, any kind of standard test score (especially one that’s good) + name of the large MNC (assuming its well known). But all the above in the first paragraph.
The general rule of thumb — the most impressive, most credible, most universally recognizable things FIRST to ensure nobody misses it.
Don’t assume the read the whole cover letter. Assume they SCAN the cover letter to see if any keywords jump out, and if they see something interesting they slow down to read the cover letter, and then the resume with much greater care.
I have recently completed my MBA and also hold an MS in Electrical Engineering. Having worked in engineering for about 15 years with really strong background in Operations, I want to get into Technology/Business Strategy consulting. How receptive you think consulting firms would be toward a profile like mine? Meaning, do they see having both Engineering and Business skills much differently then just Business?
It is very difficult to say given the limited information you provided. It depends on the caliber of the school where you got your MBA and MS, your grades, your test scores, what you specifically accomplished during the 15 years in engineering (e. g., were you an exceptional engineer or did you just show up everyday for 15 years — big difference).
Those factors aside I don’t see anything that would disqualify you from being considered. The operationally oriented consulting firms tend to value industry experience more than the strategy one. The strategy ones are biased a little more towards pedigree and achievement levels within industry (slightly less so on what you were successful at).
You might also take a look at my “Do I qualify?” self assessment matrix in my consulting resume toolkit. I think it’s as caseinterview/consulting-resume.
I have found your advice and materials provided on caseinterview to be very helpful in my job search. Recently, I purchased your series on consulting resumes and it has really opened my eyes to what recruiters are looking for in a resume. It also gave me an idea of whether I am even competitive in a candidate pool and where I would have more chances of getting an interview.
As a University of Michigan College of Engineering graduate, I am pursuing a career in consulting. After graduation in April 2012, I worked for Schlumberger (World’s largest oilfield service company) as a Field Engineer for 6 months. I have also been a very active member of Society of Women Engineers on collegiate and professional level. The problem is that I am no longer a ‘recent graduate’ and I am also switching careers at a very early stage in my career from engineering to consulting. What would you recommend would be key points to bring up in my resume?
In your cover letter, you’re going to have to explain the “elephant in the room” question as to why you’re changing fields so early in your career. I’m going to assume what you’re doing now is not a good fit for you, but you will need to explain that in a little more detail… And explain why consulting doesn’t have any of these drawbacks.
Your employer is well known so that’s not a big issue. If your Michigan stats were pretty solid, you want to mention yor GPA and scores in your cover letter as well.
The tricky part will be your work experience, have you worked long enough to have accomplished anything meaningful? If yes, definitely include that. If not, that’s not a deal breaker. It just means there will be more weight placed on your Michigan experiences and any internships while you were there.
I meant to say, what would you recommend would be key points to bring up in my cover letter?
Trust you are doing good. I am regular visitor at your website and have been reading your book. I am a second year analyst with a big 4 audit firm in their strategy consulting practice. Before I put across my query, I would sincerely like to acknowledge the fact that the insights you share in your book / emails are extremely relevant and helpful for a aspiring strategy consultant and I have greatly benefited from them.
I seek your advise to help me evaluate my profile for strategy consulting at MBB and the approach to target the same.
My post is a bit longer than the average post on the website. I apologise for the length /detail and appreciate all the assistance.
Strong undergraduate degree in finance with honours from a top commerce college in India ( equivalent to 3.7 GPA)
Two years of experience in strategy Consulting : 12+ assignments( market entry, feasibility study, commercial due diligence , business plan/business plan review, financial modelling, sales and pricing strategy) with exposure to sectors such as media, healthcare, logistics, automobile and hospitality.
Well versed with strategy consulting frameworks : both corporate strategy and m&a and advised bulge bracket PE funds on deals that have gone live.
I would be joining university of Cambridge (target school) for a post experience master degree in finance in september.
No standardised test score ( admission to Cambridge was profile based)
Transition to MBB.
Though my masters degree is a post experience degree in finance (technically an MBA equivalent) its not an MBA.
Areas of concern.
How I should structure my covering letter. How do I state the obvious shift from top 8 to top 3.
what position should I apply for ( associate/consultant level or junior associate/junior consultant)
Would my work experience make case interviews harder for me in terms of expectations of the interviewer since I have done something similar in past.
Once again I appreciate all the assistance that you have been providing.
Muito obrigado antecipadamente.
This is a tough one as you are right on the borderline for applying to the undergrad vs post MBA roles. You could really go either way. If it were me, I’d aim for the more junior role. The post MBA’s have more experience. Better to aim a little lower and get in the door somehow and work from there. If you opted to target the post MBA role, it’s definitely not a mistake and you would definitely have a shot at it.
Do you have college entrance exam scores? If so I Clyde those in lieu of GRE scores. An undergrad % rank would work as well.
The Cambridge experience is a very good transition opportunity. No need to explain the desire to move for big 4 to MBB. Nobody is going to think you are crazy or anything, the Cambridge name as a transition point is really ideal. It “upgrades” your status somewhat and improves your odds of being considered.
In your cover letter explain, you’ve had a good experience at your firm, you have been invited back (assuming that is true) and you’re looking at other options in a field you really like… Use the Cambridge experience as your excuse for taking a look at your options.
Cases are cases period. The standard is largely similar. They will however expect you to be able to know the projects listed on your resume forwards and backwards, so be sure you can explain what you did two years ago, key insights, the approach you took, why you did what you did, etc.. Sometimes the stuff from a few years ago is hard to explain if you haven’t had to do so in a while. If it is on the resume, be prepared to be grilled on it.
I have been reading your posts and case interview tips, and they are very helpful. I would really appreciate if you could help me with some questions regarding my profile.
I earned a law degree from a Brazilian University in 2005. In addition, I’ve completed a post-graduate Certificate in Business Administration with concentration in Finance and a post-graduate specialization course in Tax Law from two well known schools in Brazil. I worked for 3 years in PwC Brazil as a tax consultant. In 2011, I obtained an LL. M. degree in International Taxation at University of Florida (it is ranked top 3 in international taxation), where I graduated with a GPA of 3.80/4.00 (top 7%). For the last 1.5 years I have been working as an international tax consultant in the NY office of a Big4 audit firm. I am 33 years old and decided that I want to work with strategic consulting and build my career there.
Do you think my age and/or background can be viewed as a problem? Do you have any suggestions that could maximize my chances of being interviewed? Do you think there are any weak spots or issues that I should address in my cover-letter? What do you think my chances are to break into the top3 firms?
Obrigado pelo seu tempo.
Your age is not a problem. The background however isn’t typical for top 3 firms. In the US, the university of florida will be seen as a negative (not selective enough) and tax work isn’t seen as highly prestigious or selective incomparison to investment banking.
If your Braziliian educational track record was exceptional, applying to a Brazil office might increase your chances. Your sweet spot will most likely be the top 25 firms, think the strategy groups of the big 4 firms.
The other issue is that tax people tend to get type cast as only able to do tax work. So you want to somehow convey that your perspective is much broader than just tax and ideally convincingly back up this assertion.
I found this article to be extremely informative. I will definitely take a hard and careful look at my cover letter from now on. I’m hoping you can give me some of your wisdom as I’m at a crossroads right now in my career. I’m currently in boutique consulting (pharma/life sciences) and feeling a little bit unchallenged as I’m wondering about what other industries/business problems could be out there. So I’d like to branch out and try my hand at general management consulting.
I started working July of last year after I graduated with my Master’s from University of Pennsylvania. So I’ve only worked in consulting for about 10 months as a Senior Analyst. My biggest concern is that I don’t have the experience to jump ship to the top general consulting firms. In addition, most of my work experiences are R&D internships/co-ops I’ve held in pharma companies (J&J and Pfizer). I’m afraid that with my heavy technical, scientific background (both my bachelor’s and master’s are in the sciences), I will not be able to be screened through. From your POV, would my background even be attractive to McKinsey or any of the top firms? Additionally, is jumping to another consulting firm this early on a bad idea?
Thanks in advance for your insight!
A strong technical background is usually seen as favorable amongst top consulting firms, provided you have the client skills and interpersonal maturity to work with senior clients.
Analytical + Personable = what consulting firms like.
Switching firms now is a tad early, but if your are unchallenged, bored and your job performance is going to suffer, then better to jump now than after your performance or mood deteriorates. Just make sure the next move is what you want, because three employers in 2 years would be yellow flag to the fourth employer.
With your background, you could try applying directly, but I would also recommend networking too. You can see all my articles on networking at caseinterview/search.
Hi there Victor,
I’m currently working on wrapping up my PhD in neuroscience, and am planning to apply to MBB. Though my degrees are from target schools, and my GPAs fairly strong (over 3.7), I don’t have any standardized test scores. Admissions didn’t require that I write either the SAT or GRE, so I never did. You’ve mentioned on several occasions that the absence of standardized test scores on a resume is conspicuous; should I state that I never took any of these tests in my cover letter? Perhaps include a note on the resume itself? Or do I just say nothing?
Desde já, obrigado!
I suggest writing note on either the cover letter or resume. It just makes the process more efficient and clearer for everyone involved.
I’m currently studying at Management Engineering in ITU, which is ranked in the top 250 universities in the field of engineering/technology and ranked 1st in nationwide , with a 3.4 GPA out of 4. Also, I’m working as a risk analysis intern at the Royal Bank of Scotland since Sep,2012. I don’t have any test scores yet but I want to get GMAT in a year before I finish the university. I’m planning to apply consulting firms like McKinsey, BCG, Kearney that located in Turkey. In addition to this, I participated in lots of EU Project, and also I managed 2 social projects in Turkey. My question is What should I do to get the job from McKinsey, BCG, Kearney ? because we don’t have a lot of consulting firms in Turkey, and it is really hard to get in these firms.
To oversimplify and state the obvious, the process is 1) get the interview, 2) pass the interview. The challenge is trying to assess how difficult story #1 will be for you and how much time to devote to it. Step 2 is difficult for everyone and it takes a lot of practice and preparation (I’d budget at least 50 hours and preferably 100 hours for learning and practice). The specifics are covered in my book Case Interview Secres and Look Over My Shoulder.
If getting the interview proves challenging, then networking to compensate for any resume shortfalls can help (though there are limits and networking works best for either borderline applicants or strong applicants with unusual / non-standard backgrounds).
All above topics have articles about them findable at caseinterview. cm/search.
Sorry I forgot to say, thank you for your time.
Thank you for all your wonderful advice!
I am a recent graduate from a non-target but well recognized Business School (Top 30 nationally ranked Business School according to Bloomberg/Businessweek).
I have had internship experience at UBS as well as at a Big 4 firm within their Advisory service line.
I am currently employed with the Big 4 firm I interned with and have been fortunate enough to have gained project experience on some high profile Fortune 500 firms in my first year with the firm.
I have always been highly interested in MBB but understood there were barriers from attending a non-target school and graduating with only a mediocre GPA (3.55/4).
Although Big 4 Advisory services are certainly not as high level or well recognized as the MBB or other top tier consulting firms, do you believe my experience (along with networking) would be able to help me land an interview?
Given your situation, moving to a top firm would be difficult. The natural transition point to “upgrade” employers is at business school. For lateral and experienced hires, most are people who’ve worked in industry as opposed to other consulting firms.
The prevailing interpretation of your application would be if he was that good, we would have got him after his MBA. Fair or not, that’s probably going to be the most common perception.
Nothing is impossible, but I can’t think of any prior precedent of someone of a background similar to yours “upgrading” to a top 3 strategy firm.
Obrigado por este artigo. I got a call from Bain and I know this article helped for sure, because a year before I had applied to Bain but the phone never rang.
I can say I am a year richer, experienec wise, however speaking to people, getting a feel of the company through these conversations, quoting them, etc., definitely works. I realized that after 2-3 months of networking I could actually write my cover letter with ease.
My initial problem was, I wanted to point out (in bold letters , sometimes literally) everything that I have done and said. So I ended up creating a 1 1/2 page long cover letter (which probably bored the resume scanner to death). After I met a few people from Bain, I could sit down and look at all my achievements and segregate them into those that ‘Bain has to know’, ‘would be good if they knew’ e & # 8216; that’s not getting mentioned’. Then I worked on just re-phrasing them so that there’s a story to it and its interesting (without sounding exaggerated) and at the same time I could point-out why (through quotes from the people I spoke to) would I be a good fit. Took me time (and lots of paper) until I arrived at a cover letter I was satisfied with.
And now I am happy I read this blog before I sent out my cover letter because, after all the case interveiw preperation, I just wasn’t ready for the ‘reject’ pile.. 😀
Nice job on all the revisions. It’s an awful lot of work for a mere 400 words, but it’s what it takes to be competitive. It’s not a guarantee of success, but it does maximize your odds of success. Boa sorte.
Firstly, great site with priceless advice. The book has also been a fantastic guide into the mind-set and process for interviews.
Though I do have one major concern. It has been 15 years since I left university and I am attempting to make a career change from IT service management into the world of strategic consulting. I am happy with the CV I have put together and I am up for the challenge of the interview process. The issue is getting there as I am not straight out of a top university and I have no formal experience with ‘consultancy’. Regardless I believe consultancy is the most natural career for me and I wish I had taken this path earlier.
Can you provide some advice and tips on how best to approach this path in a cover letter and also provide some views on how firms see people coming into the industry from other areas?
Muito obrigado antecipadamente.
For a lateral hire, it is best if you network to meet someone who works as a consultant in your target firm and have them endorse your application rather than applying online. See my many articles on networking caseinterview/search.
The bias you will need to overcome is the perception that technology consultants aren’t strategic and big picture enough. They can think in terms of computer systems, but don’t naturally think about customer segments, competitive differentiation, pricing strategies, and numerous cross functional issues that go beyond technology and the kinds of issues that get discussed at the board level.
You will have to work really hard to convey that you don’t fit into that stereotype. It’s a very strong bias within the strategy firms. The bias is tech consultant come in after the strategy consultants do the “hard” trabalhos.
This is of course not true and the argument could be made for the exact opposite, but that’s the perception. Also by hard, I mean analytically and strategically challenging.
Really practical information. I have an engineering background. Completed my MBA with an okay GPA of 3.54 from Hult International Business School formerly Arthur D’ Little School of Management.
My GMAT score is just about okay at 760. I have pre MBA experience of 6 years with a construction firm and a fortune 500 firm in assets management. I did get good grades in strategy & project management during MBA. I did prove my analytic & logical skills on job to get things done by suggesting & implementing out of the box ideas. I have two queries:
1. With these credentials which tier of firms shall I apply to?
2. Shall I put examples of out of the box thinking in cover letter?
Off the top, I thank you for opening the doorway for MBB aspirants like me, into the expected standard and the required effort to make it. This is an invaluable service to us all, so I hope you know we are indebted to you.
I am a Bachelor of Engineering (Honors) graduate with First Class Honors in Australia (GPA of 8.2 out of 9.0). Subsequently, I have worked 2 years in EY’s MC practice across a variety of operations and customer-focused areas. My projects have included several Top 50 companies which have strong brands in Australia. In addition, I have provided independent consulting to an e-commerce start-up on their supply chain and logistics.
I am motivated to take the next step work and work alongside the best management consultants at the MBB firms. I was knocked back at undergraduate level without an interview. Thereafter, I have started creating relationships with a handful of MBB consultants, in the attempt to work my way in via networking.
I acknowledge my lack of strategy consulting experience, and limited breadth in work experience. But I have built strong relationships with clients on the back of my consulting work, robust data analytics skills, a real passion for corporate strategy.
Victor, how would you suggest I present myself, so that is stands out from other applicants?
Muito obrigado antecipadamente.
I am new to your website and have been learning so much in these past few days. Your comments about the cover letter are excellent and respected.
I am a U. S. diplomat looking to transition into a MBB firm. I have almost eight years of service with the Department of State. I’ve served in Latin America, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Europe. My career has taken me from general entry level work to promotions of greater and greater responsibility, such as, running a large section, to a multi-million dollar program.
As far as my education, I have a BA in International Relations and a MA in International Peace and Conflict Resolution. My GPAs were high in both. (Not sure if that matters now with the number of years of work experience I have).
I’m looking to transition into consulting because my personal mission is to help people and organizations be successful at their endeavors and play a part in that impact on society. Unfortunately, the bureacratic process has been insufferable and stalled my abilities to fulfill my goals.
I will need to seriously brush up on quant. I am new to case interview from a consulting perspective (our interview process is similar yet qualitative approach is used to answer case questions) and have been reviewing a book that has complete case interview preparation. Outside your book, the book I am reviewing now, and your videos what do you recommend?
You’re the second person out of the State Dept who has contacted me. If my memory is correct, the last person ended up at McKinsey.
Your background is interesting. If you do enough networking (caseinterview/search keywords: networking) you should be able to get an interview.
In the process of INFORMAL networking, do not be surprised if you are given an impromptu case interview. This is often done by the other person to see if your case skills are strong enough to not embarrass the person if they were to personally recommend you be officially interviewed.
The two resources I would strong recommend in your case are:
1) My Look Over My Shoulder program caseinterview/loms — it has recordings of about 22 live case interviews of varying performance levels, and a minute-by-minute voice over analysis from me of what each candidate did, why they did it, how an interviewer would rate what they did, and what the person could have done instead. It’s my signature training program. Budget 50 – 100 hours of time to listen to it 2 – 4 times, to internalize the tempo, dynamic, and overall approach.
2) After you’ve had some time to work with LOMS, I would suggest working with one of my coaches to get a few practice interviews. They are all former MBB consultants and interviewers, and they can give you an objective read of any lingering bad habits. It is better to know early what you tend to do wrong, so you have time to improve it before any real interviews occur.
I find that experienced hire candidates (that’s what they would call you) that come out of a field very different from consulting are often TOO good at what worked in their prior field, and by default tend to use what worked in their prior career. Consulting has a different thinking and communication process. There’s a transition period to get used to it. You want to make sure the transition period has started and finished BEFORE your first official interview.
Best example I can think of is a candidate who came out of the advertising industry. Consulting firms have a HUGE bias against people coming out of creative fields. It is assumed that such people are not analytical. And in fact it is rare to find someone who is brilliant left brain (logical) and deeply gifted right brain (creative). So it is a bias with some truth to it.
So the women I’m thinking of had to completely unlearn what made her successful in the advertising field, go back to her raw talent, and rebuild skills more compatible with management consulting.
She ended up at McKinsey (or it might have been BCG) and it worked, but it was definitely a long multi-month process for her. (She also had to do a lot of networking to create the interview opportunity).
Also, I want to thank you for your service to your country. I personally really appreciate it.
Thank you for your comments and advice. I definitely will work with one of your coaches after I review the material on LOMS.
Any Suggestions for Non-Prestigious School Graduates?
Thanks for making this blog! I found it is a great platform for whom had no background in consulting but wish to pursue a career in related field.
I am graduating next year with a bachelor’s degree in Math and Accounting. I found myself so passionate about a career marketing/strategic planning over the past few months. I solved real marketing problems and enjoyed it. Therefore, I hope to become a marketing manager eventually. I think going into a consulting firm would be a great start. I believe I have the potential to make a good candidate for a consulting job because I am insightful and analytical. However, my school is not a top-tier school in business (the big consulting firms don’t even come to our career fairs), and I don’t have any consulting work experience either, which makes it much more difficult for me to compete with Ivy students for a same position. Would you recommend me to go to a prestigious graduate school first or get a job at a small consulting firm first or try apply to big consulting firms right away anyway? Any career path suggestions?
Agradeço antecipadamente!
If your goal is to work for one of the top 5 firms, then given your background you will need a ivy-caliber graduate degree (pref a MBA) as a stepping stone. Choose a career path that 1) interests you, 2) you’re willing to do what it takes to excel. It is not hard to be exceptional in any career field. You just need to be willing to do what the average is unwilling to do. It helps enormously if what you do is fun and enjoyable for you as you will be more likely to work harder, work smarter, and take on more challenges.
If you have the time and energy, it doesn’t hurt to apply now because you can get a better feel for the process, can meet contacts that might be helpful a few years from now, and see if you will actually like the work as you get exposed to it through the people you meet.
If you goal is to working in consulting at any caliber firm, then apply now. The field is great for learning all kinds of skills at an early age that’s hard to learn in industry in short period of time.
Firstly, an incredible help your website is to people like me as it instills confidence in you. Thank you SO much.
See i am a 2012 graduate in bachelor of business studies, my resume is very weak in terms of the score(54%) but my college is one from where Bain, McKinsey, A T kearny recruit from.
Its very hard to get an interview at even the start up consulting firms coz i had a medical condition & am sitting at home since graduation & that is what is bothering me. I have managed to get a job at HDFC bank for the time being but my heart lies in management consulting. Should i wait and apply more aggressively to consulting firms(the newer ones as the top 3 or even top 20 won’t consider me coz of the score) or should i take the banking job prepare side by side for the next year or two & apply to all the top 20 firms? Will this make my chances better than starting with a newer consulting firm?
A reply will be much appreciated.
Thanks for your insights!
I have been working in the NGO and Social Enterprise sector for the past few years. (Primarily in South Asia)
Having graduated with a bachelors in Economics, I’ve applied these skills to FairTrade and MicroCredit projects, but now I would like to take a new direction in heading back towards the private sector. The challenging and dynamic nature of consulting really appeals to me. Furthermore, I have seen that the NGO/social sector could really create more lasting and scalable impact through improved strategy, efficiency and innovation.
I’m now basing myself in Nepal to seriously focus on applications for top tier consulting firms based in Australia.
In addition to case prep, I thought that it might be a good idea to do pro bono consulting with local NGO’s, social enterprises and tourism companies, to simulate “mini client engagements” (giving myself a set time frame, using case tools and forming recommendations)
Is this something I could write in my cover letter and do you think the recruiter will see value in this?
I am interested in applying for consulting jobs in McK, BCG and Bain. I have good academic credentials - Undergrad from IIT (GPA 8.9/10), PhD from Georgia Tech (GPA 4/4) and 5 years of experience working at IBM. I also did couple of internships at other companies and I did some consulting for few months while at Grad School. I took GRE back in 2000 and had good scores (800/800 in Quant and 730/800 in verbal). I have many publications (15+), authored a book and have 2 patents. But, I am currently 34. Considering my age and other factors I have mentioned above, do you think I have a fairly good chance getting an interview if I apply for an Associate position? I have zero contacts at any of the consulting firms. So my only option would be to apply online as an experienced hire.
Would greatly appreciate any suggestions you can offer. Thanks for all the free videos by the way. I enjoyed watching every one of them!
Thanks for the cover letter advice, it is very helpful. I have a question for not only my cover letter, but also my resume. I am a rising junior at HPY (3.8 GPA) and just took the GMAT. I scored a 770 which it state puts me in the 99th%. I am going to be applying for an internship for summer 2014 in either consulting or finance. Should I update my resume to include the GMAT score? I don’t want come across in an obnoxious manner and also don’t want to make it seem like I would not be committed to a position, because I absolutely would be. However I’ve read that consulting (and finance) firms look for very strong analytical types and value test scores so it might be helpful to list it. What do you advise? Obrigado. John.
When you’re in the 99% for anything intellectual (,GMAT, GRE, scholarship, award, Olympic medals – I’m being serious) include it on the resume. Consulting firms LOVE top 1 pecent-ers.
Major respects and thanks to you for everything on this site, incredible stuff. Been truly helpful helping me gauge my prospects for top firms. Some insight would be great.
Bit of background:
Graduated from top tier target university in Canada with a 3.18 CGPA ( Lack of focus/drive explains the relatively low grade) though I’m capable of scoring well (GPA 3.8 final year). I’ve just graduated, and and have become serious a month ago.
I have great extracurriculars (international development work, exec/director of NGO, other leadership etc.), 3.18 GPA @ top tier target school, but no GMAT (though I’m confident I could score well, if necessary), and no big name work experience.
With recruitment right around the corner, I’m signed up to go to all the info sessions to all career events and network as much as possible (also, though linkedin by arranging info interviews).
Would you recommend going for the GMAT and applying later? Do you think I even stand a shot with the top 10 and MBB now?
Thank you in Advance!
The 3.2 GPA is probably a deal breaker. The issue for the resume screener is this. Why would I pick your resume to fill 10 interview slots when I have 300 resumes with a higher GPA than yours and more experience as well. Now, if you have a good reason to that question, by all means include it in your cover letter. But that is THE question in the back of the resume readers mind.
While most firms have some sort of a GPA cut off, (you can see my best approximation of the cutoffs in my consulting resume toolkit caseinterview/consulting-resume-toolkit ), you generally need some compensating factor to offset a low GPA.
If you low GPA was due to say a life threatening illness while in school for 1 year, and the others were 4.0 that’s worth mentioning in the cover letter – especially if the work experiences are strong.
Hello Victor, I had previously applied at BCG (almost a month ago). I may need to re-structure my cover letter (haven’t heard back yet). I just ordered your book, which will be here tomorrow. I have a Ph. D in Organization & Management with specialization in Leadership and I am really interested in working for BCG. Do you recommend me updating my cover letter now & how can I assure myself an interview SOON. I’m willing to do what it takes to land a job there or at any other management consulting company. Obrigado.
I recently graduated from an online Executive MBA program with a Finance focus. My GPA is 3.7….undergrad was a bit lower with a History/Social Studies major. However, I have been directing operations for many years in the insurance and real estate industries. Managing multi-million dollar companies across regions for the past 8-9 years, would any firms consider me for employment in the consultant field? I am having trouble figuring out how or if my skills would qualify me. Your website has been very interesting to say the least.
Thank you for any additional advice you may be able to provide.
It is a possibility but it depends on the selectivity of your under grad and grad institutions. In general online MBA’s are looked down upon, but if you went to say. Harvard undergrad and your work experiences were exceptional it’s a possibility.
The other factor is how much responsibility you have in your current career relative to how many years you’ve been in the work force. The firms like to hire rising stars.
In my consulting resume toolkit, I have a resume scoring calculator which helps answer your question in a little detail.
I am currently a 2nd year MBA/MSF (Master of Science in Finance) candidate at Northeastern University with concentration in Corporate Finance. My current GPA is 3.4 and I still have 2 semesters left until my graduation in August of 2014.
I previously had worked at financial services firm as working in management position and later as district operations specialist. I am currently interning at telecommunication firm in sales operations department (finance heavy role).
I have two questions for you. Firstly, with my professional and educational background would be worth trying my hand in consulting which I am interested in. Secondly, since I am not graduating until August of this coming year, is it too early to apply since its only mid of October?
First it is not too early to apply and may be too late. Campus recruiting typically starts 6-12 months prior to the start date,
Second, if consulting appeals to you, I encourage you to apply, with your background, the elite tier of firms will likely be out of reach but there are many, many firms out there. If the kind of work is interesting to you, by all means apply. Your background shouldn’t keep you out of the industry, though some firms will likely be out of reach.
Great post Victor! It helps a lot because I tend to start my cover letter along the lines “I am applying for xyz position at your firm…”. I was under the impression that this was the standard format for cover letter and dared not become too creative in writing it. You’ve opened my eyes and I’ll change my approach in the future.
I’d be very grateful if you could give me some advise here. I am a mother of two girls and I’m based in Toronto. I understand how demanding MC career is, but I still would like to pursue it because 1) I like problem solving that involves math; 2) I love talking to people, especially when I get to explain/teach a concept/idea; 3) I want to broaden my knowledge in as many areas as possible; it’s simply exciting to learn something new. And I believe I have what it takes to excel as a consultant (750GMAT, 3.7 undergrad GPA in life science, won many sales/service campaigns while working at a brokerage house, very detail oriented/organized/logical). My questions are: 1) do I HAVE to do an MBA to get into consulting? (I can only do Rotman because I’m in Toronto, and very few Rotman graduates get in top consulting firms. But I can’t leave my kids to do MBA elsewhere). 2) Would consulting firms see mother-of-two as an disadvantage for new hires? 3) In terms of networking, should I focus on people in Toronto or should I also talk with people in the states?
Thank you for your time Victor, and happy holidays to you and your family (especially the girls)!
I encourage you to apply, especially if your undergrad was a target school. Female applicants with STEM (science, technology, engineering, math) backgrounds are highly soft after by the consulting firms.
The MBA is not necessary. The bigger issue is what you’ve been doing with your time since undergrad. That’s the big factor. If you’ve been a stay at home mom since undergrad, that’s a tough one. Not necessarily a deal breaker, but I’d target the post college role + networking as your best bet.
In terms of networking, any contact in a target firm in any city will do. You just need someone on the inside to informally give you a case by phone, you blow them away, and then they email the Toronto recruiting coordinator and say , “you should interview. Not the standard resume, but geez she sure can nail a case”. That internal endorsement is the key to getting your foot in the door for someone with a non traditional background.
1. What exactly is considered a high GPA – hear different numbers thrown out all the time. My GPA is a 3.82/4.0 at a top-tier brand name school. I am a liberal arts major hoping to score an internship at MBB.
2. If my end game goal is consulting at a top tier consulting firm and I don’t get the summer internship this time around, what type of experience should I aim for to boost my candidacy next time around – IB at a Goldman or Morgan Stanley? Start-up? Other? I have one internship at a prestigious hedge fund under my belt but I’m not sure how great that is or where to go from there…
Looking forward to hearing from you, thanks!!
Your GPA is high enough. For ivy schools it’s 3.5 or higher, especially in math oriented fields. I have a GPA cut off for other tier schools in my consulting resume toolkit caseinterview/consulting-resume-toolkit for others who want to self assess their own GPAs and have a different academic background than you).
For a pre full time non consulting internship, the consulting firms will value a big brand name company hiring for an at least somewhat analytical role. Goldman certainly works, though you want to be careful to not be typecast as only Wall Street bound (so okay to look for non Wall Street internships too if they genuinely interest you)
I have a 3.5+ gpa from Claremont McKenna College. Is this high enough or does it have to be closer to a 3.8+ for the Big Three?
Given the competitive nature of these firms, how necessary is it that I have a consulting related internship the summer before my senior year? In other words, would I be at a disadvantage if I spend the summer doing pro bono consulting in a developing country (a big area of interest for me).
I would appreciate your input. Desde já, obrigado!
A consulting summer internship is definitely not required. As for your GPA, it is hard to say. At an ivy, 3.5+ on the GPA combined with a strong resume would be enough to get considered. I don’t in know what the specific guideline or target would be for Claremont McKenna. I could definitely see you being competitive if you did the Africa thing (which would be a differentiator particularly if you don’t have familial ties to Africa otherwise) + did networking to get internal referrals and recommendations from employees at the top firms.
Anytime you have a non standard “package” it really helps a lot to get an gentle endorsement from someone who works in the consulting firm already.
I have numerous articles on “networking” e & # 8221; non target school” recruiting that you can find at caseinterview/search.
Thanks so much for the posts! I aspire to work in MBB and I’d be very grateful if you could give me some advise here.
1. I am currently a senior at the University of Rochester, majoring in political science with a minor in economics. Though Rochester is non-Ivy, it is getting up in the ranking – late 20s/early 30s. Political science is also deemed as a famous major in Rochester. I was wondering what the GPA cutoff would be in this case?
2. Do recruiters/MBB pay attention to major GPA? My political science major GPA is 3.94 and my cumulative GPA is around 3.7 (as I had a family issue in my sophomore year, I had to withdraw for a semester and got bad grades for that semester). I will probably get a referral from an alumnus working in Bain, but should I just put my major GPA on the resume when I apply to MBB?
3. I will most probably be an unpaid intern at Merrill Lynch wealth management at Rochester (doing cold calling to customers and fundamental analysis). I was also a student analyst for the business school. I helped a local big data analytics firm and BASF (the world’s largest chemical firm) to develop pricing strategies and background market research. I have also done an independent study on pricing and brand strategy on the aviation industry, using statistical softwares such as R and VBA to conduct regression. Do these make my candidacy a lot more appealing?
4. Given my personal background above, do you have any advice for me to get into MBB?
Thank you for any additional advice you may be able to provide!
For a non target school, as close to a 4.0 GPA overall would be ideal. Include both your major and overall GPA. Other than that, multiple referrals would be key to getting considered. Most likely across all three firms, they might take 1 person from your school every 3 years (it’s on that order of magnitude)
I very much appreciate your advises.
I’m a foreign MD with several years of experience in medical (non-patient care) research at a top university in the US. I’m writing a cover letter to a consulting company where I am saying the following:
-) I’m interested in transitioning from the lab environment to consulting because besides the professional expertise I can bring to it, on the personal side, I truly enjoy working with people in an environment where the common goal is to provide service, where professional growth is highly encouraged, where coworkers perform as a team, sharing knowledge with each other instead of keeping it for themselves for competitiveness,
-) I heard that the firm in mention brings all these together, I heard Mr. XXX talk at a webinar led by Ms. XXX, he has spoken highly of the firm, and I have also read what the employees at different levels say about how this firm tries to do its best to meet their needs for instance a consultant who had to move due family reasons to another state, she could continue working for the same consulting firm in the other region and when she needed to return to the original place, she could again continue working at her previous office. I have also seen how the firm has been rated among the 100 top for this and that.
-) I strongly believe I am the right fit for a consulting position because I am a problem solver, a thinker; etc etc.
Please, I know it sounds like what every body says, but I am just trying to be honest, say and show the best I have, I wanted to transmit them that giving ideas to find solutions for obstacles that we encounter is part of our duties in science and medicine.
Could you please let me know your opinion? should I omit something? Thank you very much for taking the time to read and respond.
I would write with shorter sentences to make it easier to read. I would keep the references to the specific people you mentioned. I would exclude the part about transferring to another office. That is not always easy to do and it may signal that you would be difficult to keep happy as an employee.
While your answers are common, one way to make them more unique is to link your reasons more closely to your background and current career choices. So say what you like about consulting, then explain how you aren’t getting that in your current field. Also say what you do like about your current field, and show how that particular aspect does exist in consulting.
Finally, anytime you can mention specific people employed by your target firms that have influenced you, be sure to mention them by name (and reference their title and office)
I very much appreciate your advises, and for free!
Ótimo site! Thanks so much for all the tips. I also think is boring writing “standardised cover letters” and I am just wondering if you can give me some advice. I am a 32 and just finished a master degree in business informatics in Germany, and not with a good score. ( My father was sick, my husband traveling a lot, so I was left with my child alone he was born in the middle of the master studies) and was doing a internship and studying and being a mom at the same time. So even I had so many issues during my studies, I still feel lucky I was able to complete it. BUT the recruiters who will be reading my cover letter don’t know about that. How honest can I be in my cover letter?! Yes I don’t have a good GPA but I have worked for big companies here as an intern… siemens, Puma, adidas… so honest can I be and how can I address this in my cover letters?!
I’m sorry to hear your father was sick and congratulations on motherhood. Children are such a wonderful gift.
As for your cover letter, I think you are in tough spot as far as the top consulting firms go. They are extremely sensitive to academic scores. From their point of view, why take a risk on someone with low marks when there are 100 other applicants most with higher marks.
If the marks are really poor, I think you will need to explain them in your cover letter to top consulting firms. For lower tier consulting firms and internal consulting positions in industry that may not require disclosing your grades, I would not mention your scores in your cover letter . In terms of targeting, I think the lower tier firms and internal consulting roles are going to be a significantly higher probability opportunity for you. So I would recommend that you apply to these kinds of opportunities in addition to the top firms.
Just need your suggestions on some points.
I do have an experience of 4+ years in testing backgroud currently working with the Accenture. I wanted to make my career as a consultant like in field oil and gas or as a buisness anlyst etc. So how can I start my career in these fields ? I am looking for a change.
Thank you for all your guidance within the materials, as well as within the comments section! Had a question for you, which I’ve been struggling to find on the web thusfar.
I work in London, am a qualified Chartered Accountant (CA) with one of the Big 4 for over five years, currently a manager with the advisory department advising on finance function improvement and on divestments/carve-outs/IPOs from a financial reporting perspective. My background is having a BsC economics degree from Oxbridge. I’ve been wanting to get into management consultancy with the likes of AT Kearney or (dare to dream( BCG or McKenzie – but I’m not sure what the best way is to do this. I’m not sure if they’d take someone with my background (without an MBA) into their strategy departments – what would be the best way to go about this? Do I need an MBA to successfully go up the ranks in a company like this – can I survive without one?
The Oxbridge background is good. Within the top 3 there’s a bit of a bias against accountants that are perceived to not be big picture thinkers. ATK is a possibility, MBB would be tougher and I think would depend a lot on your undergrad grades or marks. In addition, it would help a lot if you got an internal endorsement or referral from someone who already works at one of the firms you are applying for.
See my many articles on “networking” at caseinterview/search for tips on how to do that. Also, for anyone with a a slightly weaker resume it’s vital that your case performance be exceptional not only in official interviews but surprise, informal cases you might be given by people you network with at these firms.
Bottom line – your profile isn’t one with the highest probability of being considered, so 1) you have to work hard via networking to get someone to pay attention, 2) once you do manage to get their attention, you really need to wow them on your case performance.
Again, I’m not just referring to the official interview, but the unofficial one that someone at the firm gives you before they decide to stake their personal reputation on referring you to the recruiting department with a “we must interview Sam” note attached to your resume.
Thank you for creating such a useful resource for aspiring consultants. I’ve almost half way through your book “Case Interview Secrets” and find it very helpful.
However, I have a question regarding a specific suggestion you made on cover letters - “Unlike other candidates you’re seeing that probably have XYZ trait, I have ABC trait because of my experience at XYZ company.”
Do you think it would reflect positively on a candidate when he explicitly compares himself to the rest of the applicant pool?
If there is a genuine difference, I think there is a net benefit to explicitly referencing the difference. You would want to be careful in the phrasing to suggest there “may” be a difference since you may not have an accurate perception of the competitive pool. If your not sure if what you have actually is that different, than just state what it is and let the read make the determination.
When I read cover letters and skim resume, I am looking for anomalies that can be detected in 20 seconds or less. I am looking for something glaringly good that puts the candidate into the A pile or something glaring badly, so I can quickly put them in the reject pile.
If you got something good to say, put it in the cover letter and make it prominent to minimize the risk of the reader inadvertently overlooking it.
Thank you for creating such a useful resource for aspiring consultants. I’ve almost half way through your book “Case Interview Secrets” and find it very helpful.
I am a final year engineering student at Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi. I got placed in a decent internet firm in India as a product manager after trying by best to get into management consulting roles at MBB and failing to crack the interviews. Now, I am a little perplexed because my firm doesn’t have a big brand name and a year’s work experience at such firm might not help my profile inspite of the fact that my work involves lot of effort from my side.
Therefore, I am planning to get into Masters of engineering management program at some good university in US which might be my last chance to get into an MBB. How should I justify my work experience in the cover letter to turn things in my favor? I have a decent GPA(3.6/4), a few national level math/science olympiad ranks, sports, minors in management, a research paper etc.
Any other suggestions will be helpful.
I am an alumnus of India’s best universities;’ IIT and IIM. Post my MBA in 2003, I joined Citibank and later quit to start my own venture in retail. I recently sold off my majority stake and wish to utilize my entrepreneurial experience in emerging markets to help a management consulting firm’s clients in becoming successful.
My questions are :
1. Given that I have a 9 year experience, what position is suitable for me in a consulting firm.
2. Do I need to necessarily get back to do an executive MBA to get-in or will my IIM MBA suffice?
3. Do consultanting firms value entrepreneurial experience ?
4. Should I forward my resume through some contacs or is it a good idea to apply online?
I shall be grateful if you can advise me on the above.
Great Help!! Muito obrigado.
I’ve been scanning your website heavily for info for the last week now, and have watched almost all your videos from the Harvard Business case study seminar. It is all great info, and your site offers a knowledge that is really unparalleled on the web.
With that being said, I’m trying to gauge if I have a shot at McKinsey. If I don’t, I don’t want to waste too much valuable time on an app and cover letter.
I go to Columbia, and will be graduating in spring 2015 with a Master’s of Public Health, specializing in Health Policy and Practice and Epidemiology. My GPA is a 3.22, I’ve been interning at a large health insurance company for the last 4 months (doing product and process improvement), interned at a health policy research startup for 4 months prior, and worked as a data manager at a non-profit research institute for a year and change before that.
My BA is in a social science at a non-target school with around a 3.3 gpa, and my SAT scores are crap, around the 50-60th percentile. My GRE scores are ok, 156;162;5/6 for math, verbal, analytical.
My strategy is to write a unique cover letter to stand out, then ace the case interview. Will my efforts be in vain?
Thanks Victor, appreciate your content!
Unfortunately, I don’t think you’re close to the McKinsey cut off. Mainly your GPA and scores are too low. My consulting resume toolkit has a self scoring calculator to figure out if your resume is competitive and includes 100 actual resumes from other candidates – each resume scored with accompanying information as to why each score was given. It isn’t the exact process McKinsey uses but is generally reflective of it.
The toolkit does have a fee so it may not be worth it given your situation. But if you are curious, it should shed greater light on your situation and also explains how to write a compelling resume for consulting and/or industry (within the constraints of the facts of your career history)
Ótimo site. I am a fourth year medical student currently (at a state medical school) but am in the process of applying to consulting firms. I graduated from Northwestern in 3 years with an economics degree and a 3.7 GPA, have high standardized test scores, and just passed Level 1 of the CFA exam. Do you think the big 3 (Bain/BCG/McKinsey) would consider interviewing me or should I focus my efforts on health care consulting firms like Huron, ZS Associates, IMS, etc.
I have completed my PhD degree in biology, and I would like to enter the world of consulting (Mckinsey, Bcg, etc.). I have no experience in consulting (but have work experience in sales, hospital, research).
What should I write in my cover letter to catch the attention of recruiter’s eye?
Thanks so much for the wonderful resources on the website. I’ve been recommending the LOMS and Case Interview Secret book to members of the Consulting Club at my school.
I’m an undergrad Senior from ivy school with a 3.8 GPA, 2300 SAT, looking to MBB full-time. I interned at BCG in Asia and at UN in NYC these past two summers.
Given the background, I’m wondering if my time would be best spent starting a new internship with a boutique investment firm or VC in NYC to maximize the chances of getting interviewed (interviews are in Oct.) or focus exclusively on case interview prep. Would you have an advice? Muito obrigado!
Prep. Definitely prep. Ivy + good scores + good GPA + 2 big brand name internships = very competitive resume. Ideally you want to empathize both analytical and people skills in your internship experiences. Also MBB interns very often get interviewed by the other consulting firms. You have a very high probability of getting interview opportunities. Put the time into case prep + attending recruiter events on campus + getting to know the consultants who come on campus for recruiting events. So case prep is first priority, second priority is networking / relationship building.
Your website is really informative and it’s been indispensable as a tool. I’ve been practicing for a full month now in anticipation of the November 2014 recruitment season.
My question concerns the resume actually – I have an undergrad from a non-target school but I came out top of my class and was awarded best MA thesis in a class of 150+ student. I’m now doing a science PhD at Oxford University in the UK and looking to go into the MBB and/or next top 7 London offices. I have worked part time for an unknown consultancy, but for big clients like a UK Government agency, and two global pharma companies and presented in corporate workshops to the COO and board members (actually flying out of the UK to continental Europe to present at the client HQ). In my resume I’ve put UK Government and global pharmaceuticals instead of naming names. I’ve received mixed advice from people – some agree with this approach since they feel it is unprofessional to list client names in the resume while others feel that the names are so big that they would draw a lot of attention and as such, I should capitalise on it. What would your advice be (when you factor in my non-target undergrad and current target post-grad) to maximise my chances? I’d really appreciate your thoughts on this sensitive topic as I don’t want to ruffle any feathers in the first step of a long process!
With cover letters and resumes recognizable brand names are VERY important. If your firm is not well known, but your clients are, it is to your benefit to list client names. However, if your employment agreement with the firm prohibits you from disclosing client names (my agreement with McKinsey from years ago considers client names confidential, so even to this day I can not disclose the clients I served) you should honor those agreements and not disclose information you are contractually obligated to not disclose.
Of course, I am not an attorney and you should check with one for a reliable legal opinion. Purely from a resume or cover letter standpoint, recognizable names are better than non-recognizable ones.
Truly amazing and valuable input out there. Looking at all the comments you have covered most of the common doubts. I wanted to know if McKinsey (or any top tier consulting firm) has any team dedicated to Business Consulting Associate for helping top pharmaceutical companies in vendor selection for selecting IT systems (Manufacturing Intelligence is what I am hinting at).
I wanted to ask and may be you might be familiar to it or may be not but McKinsey as a top notch consulting firm must be assisting global pharma / biotech companies in vendor selection or for that instance solving current business needs of customers.
Any insights into this Victor would be highly appreciated.
Firstly thank you for a fantastic website and Case Interview Secrets book.
Most of the comments I’ve read tend to refer to GPAs and North American Universities. I’m wondering if you could shed any light on the UK system.
I graduated 2 years ago with a 2:1 undergrad from Manchester Business School (seems to be a fairly well respected university but non-target). Did internships at BoA Merrill Lynch during university and at Citi (S&T) following graduation. Some interesting extra curriculars (DJed at a fairly high level, committee positions) Now working on my 2nd early stage (non-VC backed) entrepreneurial venture. I haven’t done any standardised tests.
& # 8211; How do you feel this type of background is viewed among the different tiers of consultancy firms. Possible to get an interview for MBB or more looking at 4-10, 10+?
& # 8211; In a cover letter, what would you say is a well-regarded way to market a background in finance and entrepreneurship for pursuing a career in strategy consulting?
Thanks very much for your time.
The challenge with your background is there isn’t an objective numerical comparison that can be made between you and other candidates. If your GPA is well understood in the UK, than there is no need to do anything differently in how you present it.
When applicants are educated in one country and apply in another, I recommend they attempt to covert all of their grades in percentile rank. If you’re in the top 5% of your class, that’s understood across all countries and cultures.
Your previous employers are competitive with other candidates. The small company employer as the latest employer is a negative, as is the non target school. It can be offset with networking + exceptional case performance. I don’t know how well respected Manchester is but at McK most of the consultants are Oxbridge folks, a few LSE and equivalents if that provides any reference.
I would say the top 3 firms would be difficult for you. The top 4 – 10 may be within easier reach for you.
Thank you so much for this informative blog, access to your videos, and case interview samples. This has been very enlightening and I’ve become very interested in consulting, specifically in management and strategic consulting. I was wondering if you could give me some advice based on my track record?
I currently hold a PhD in Chemistry from a mid-range University, and have post-doc’ed for 4 years at a world-ranked 40s University. My undergrad GPA was only 3.0 but I graduated with first class honours because of a high mark in a major research project component. Other achievements in my track records include:
1. I achieved a perfect thesis score for my PhD, with direct degree conferral.
2. In my Post-doc role, I also worked as a technical consultant, and had the fortune to work with several clients in the manufacturing industry. I was able to conduct process optimization and commercial due diligence for these clients and improved their product performance by 20%.
I also coordinated and managed a research team of 12 researchers, conducted big-data analytics by writing custom codes in python and visual basic to deliver rapid analysis, which completed 5 months ahead of schedule.
I’ve had to coordinate and manage finances within our research team, which is approximately USD $200,000 per annum, and also assisted in securing USD $600,000 in funding from competitive sources.
3. During my post-doc role, I also had a hand in expanding a company that specializes in developing educational material for students preparing for GAMSAT and GMAT exams. I was coordinating a team of 8 members to develop and implement new national curricula.
4. Volunteer work: I’ve done a bit of volunteering work during my undergrad and PhD, which includes:
& # 8211; 5 years as a first aid responder for St John Ambulance, during which I was promoted to Corporal rank within the first 12 months, and was responsible for coordinating first aid posts, and managing teams of first aid providers in major events (10,000+ participants).
& # 8211; 3 years as the student representative of the department’s safety committee, during which I devised safe working procedures for the entire department in compliance to national regulations. I also coordinated and maintained safe practices in the entire department for 200+ students.
The issues I am facing is that I am changing fields from an academic one to a consulting one. I decided to change simply because I realized my passion is in the ability to solve real-life problems, rather than just scientific ones. I want to see real results and real impact on lives.
Victor, would you be able to give me your honest opinion whether I am suitable for any consulting firms, and which tier do I fit in? I am also not certain how many of the above 4 points is applicable to consulting. I am currently 31 years of age.
Many thanks for your time,
I have a 1st class honors Masters (& Bachelors) degree in Biomedical & Mechanical engineering from Imperial College London.
For the past 3 years I’ve been working as a project engineer in R&D in top 3 orthopedic device company (based in Switzerland). This is a project management-heavy role that basically supervises a device (i. e. implant) development from intiail conception all the way through regulatory clearance and launch.
I am currently looking to broaden my experience and experience a new challenge. I think that Management Consulting at one of the top firms would be a good fit. My aim is to stay in the Switzerland.
I’m a little confused as to what level I should be applying for given my work experience and background? Associate-level or Felllow-level at McK?
If you have more than 2 years work experience, you are supposed to apply as an Associate. For McKinsey in particular, I tend to advise people who are borderline to apply for the more junior position. In your case at 3 years, you could apply for either and they probably wouldn’t object. Strategically, I’d probably aim or the fellow role as I think you will be more competitive.
I would like to thankyou for this great site, After reading all the question’s related to consulting i thought to tag my query here. I am a engineer graduate with 5+ yr. of IT work experience , now i want to move in mgmt. consulting. Can u plz suggest me how my preparation should be and what are the areas i have to focus mainly to get in to consulting job.
And, i appeared for CMC (Certified Mgmt. Consultant) from india board , not sure how much weight this certification (if i clear) will give me in consulting job hunting.
Please advice me, awaiting for your reply.
Your article was really informative. I have done my Phd in Neuroscience along with postdoc experience in UPenn and SUNY with several publications and served in editorial boards of some scientific journals. I am interested in consulting but do not have any experience. I applied for internships /volunteering in some consulting firms but couldn’t get through because of lack of any experience/background.
Please advice me how I should go about with this. How should I frame my resume /cover letter to better fit to these positions?
I have a interesting background. After graduating and working as a Business analyst, I had an opportunity to travel abroad and work with an early stage startup as a development consultant , which did great! Secured seed funding, got a lot of media and press coverage, doubled the user base. We then used the same team to form a second, small company(web development) in cooperation with the startup. After a year 1 year I came back to the states and now I’m applying to BA S&O roles. Do I have a shot? How do I formulate all this into a cover letter?
I think you just explain your situation much like you did to me. The one question the resume reader will have in the back of their minds that you want to proactively address is how serious you are about consulting. Most people who leave consulting to work in startups generally don’t return to consulting. If you can address this question that would be really helpful. Your prior business analyst role will be seen favorably. Also the time to do other business things is also useful to them. What they are worried about is that you might join for 6 months, and then leave again for a startup. If you can reassure them you want to work in consulting for at least 2 years that will help address that issue.
Thanks for the reply! After reading your reply as well as this post, I have made the necessary adjustments to my cover letter. For example, I have stated things such as,
“I believe these skills will enable me to help xyz’s clients attain profitable growth, strategically manage costs, and intelligently navigate risk through bridging the gap between vision and execution.”
“With my penchant for producing tangible results as well as my enthusiasm to grow with your firm, I am confident that I can make significant contributions to xyz’s Strategy & Operations team(or technology team)”
“I look forward to the opportunity to interview and learn more about consulting career opportunities at xyz”.
In my opening sentence, I really wanted to use “Unlike other candidates you’re seeing who probably seem enthusiastic about consulting, I am certain of my interest in (technology)consulting because of my leadership and professional experiences as a recent graduate” but I’m not sure if thats over doing it?
As for your last sentence that you’re contemplating, it’s overdoing it because you do know for certain that it’s true. You are certain of your interest, but factually speaking you don’t appear to have access to everyone else’s cover letter or their backgrounds. You’re guessing, but you are phrasing the statement as a fact. In consulting, that’s over reaching. A client could say, “Oh really, what data source did you use to come to that conclusion?” and you’d have to justify it.
If you weed to be a bit more on the aggressive side, you could say, “unlike other candidates you MAY be seeing…” In the case, the phrasing is much more defensible. It’s doesn’t say unlike 100% of the other candidates that are not certain of their interest in consulting….
Firstly, let me say that your website is very informative – I feel it is very relevant when applying to any job. I’ve been reading pages for hours now. However, I’ve completed my MBA earlier this month and I feel that I could use my skills and knowledge “for the better” in consulting.
My issues are that I don’t fall in a “target school” & # 8211; in fact most consulting offices are based overseas with the exception of BCG and the Big 4 accounting firms. I have a well rounded profile – solid work experience with a Big 4 and some work with a start-up as well as good academics and extra-curricular activities.
End of the day, I don’t have a drool-worthy resume, but I have my share of enviable accomplishments which I am proud of. So should I continue working on networking through LinkedIn which seems to be my best shot given the scenario, take the chance and apply online or look at a Plan B?
You can try applying online, but I don’t think it will be successful. The feedback and trends I’ve noticed from those who apply online successfully is they are all had drool worth resumes rich in keywords like “Harvard” “GMAT 700+”, etc…
Strong standard profile candidates from target schools can apply online successfully. If your background is strong but not easily characterized by keywords, networking via linked in or other means (friends, family, alumni connections) is your next best bet.
I don’t know your full background, so I can’t assess your odds of success. Based on what you did disclose, I would split your time between networking for consulting and plan B.
In my case, investment banking was my plan A and I totally struck put. Despite much networking, I didn’t get a single interview. Consulting was my plan B (I know hard to imagine given what has transpired since), and I did quite well. Although I was disappointed plan A did not work out for me, in hindsight, I was glad it did not. My plan B ended up being a better fit for me in the end (though not obvious to me at the time).
Also, I have found that networking even if I didn’t achieve the specific goal I had in mind was still quite useful. I got a better feel for my various career choices, made contact with some notable individuals some of whom are quite famous today, and more. So networking is rarely a waste of time. Just stay in touch with the people you make contact with even after the immediate focus is over. Offer to be a resource to them over the next few years. Let them know what career you ended up pursuing. Successful people appreciating having contacts in other firms and outside of their field.
Thank you for all the useful data and advice on your site. I would have a question for your, if I even have any chances to get into top 3 Consulting firms. I have 6+ years of marketing experience as product and brand manager in renowned FMCG companies (Danone, Lindt & Sprungli). I would love to switch to consulting, as I am best in analysis and strategies (I also like this side of marketing the most). Also I would like to work in different industries, to get broader knowledge. I will be taking GMAT next month. I am European (currently living in Switzerland), and also looking for a position here. Is it even worth trying with my background to get into consulting, or would MBA be mandatory? I am afraid to leave permanent job for a year to get MBA degree and then not get into consulting, as for “normal” marketing career, I don’t need an MBA.
Thank you for your help in advance,
Without the MBA, I think you have a shot. It would depend on your most recently attended university, it’s prestige level, and how well you did there academically. A high GMAT score (even without the MBA) would help.
You would be known as a lateral hire from industry. When looking at your background, the resume reader is asking him or herself, did this person have the background we would have selected for coming out of university. If the answer is yes, but for whatever reason we missed this candidate or they weren’t interested in consulting at the time, that’s a good candidate for a lateral hire.
It also helps enormously if in addition to working a recognized FMCG companies that you did really well there. That helps a LOT. Your achievements need to be conveyed in you cover letter. In addition, the best chance to get in is via extensive networking and much case practice. Budget 50-100 hours on each. You ideally want your resume passed into the recruiting department by someone who is already working at the firm you’re targeting, where they have had coffee, lunch or a phone call with you, and they hand in the resume or email it in with the note “Spoke to Tina by phone. Seems like a very strong candidate. Definitely worth interviewing.”
These endorsements are not handed out easily. Don’t be surprised if your contact gives you an informal case over a lunch meeting. If you don’t do well, they will no risk their personal reputation endorsing you. Be PREPARED.
From others who have successfully gone down this path, the feedback is it’s totally possible but it is a lot of work to make contact with the right person. You have to balance making contact to get the lunch meeting with being prepared for an informal case should you get one over lunch. I recommend putting in at least 25 hours of case practice before a lunch meeting, if not 50 hours. The meetings or phone calls are hard to come by. they are definitely doable, but you won’t get more than a handful 2 – 5 meetings from 50 – 100 hours of focused networking, so you want to be prepared before the first meeting.
In general, I do not recommend a MBA if the value of the MBA is contingent on getting a specific job offer after the MBA. An MBA is worth it when you go, get value out of it even if say you don’t get a job offer in consulting. Since that does not seem to be the case for you, and since applying without a MBA is a possibility for you (again depending on your grades, gray scores, undergrad university and on the job accomplishments), I would suggest attempting to apply without the MBA first.
Great information thank you very much!
In you experience, what should I put if I do not know the name of the person that will review my cover letter?
Use “Dear Sir or Madam” or “To Whom it May Concern”
Either is fine. They are standard salutations that the reader will basically ignore unless a non standard one is used.
First of all thank you for such an amazing website and book. I have a question regarding to my condition as well:
I study mechanical engineering and started my studies firstly in Turkey. First I went to the USA to do a summer internship and then through an exchange program I came to Germany, to the best university in engineering field here. During that year I made my mind to stay and could stay as a regular student. Now I am at the end of my bachelor, and submitting my thesis in a month. I did also my internship at Bosch. Despite of lots of applications to McKinsey, BCG, RolandBerger and Bain, I haven’t got any positive response so far, even for an interview! That makes me sick because, my GPA is also about 3.2, which is good note at RWTH Aachen University. Junior Associate, Business Analyst even graduate program. None of them worked. Based on my profile (which you can also find at the link), where do you see the problem or where could it be devoted from?
If I cannot find any consulting jobs in a couple months, then I am going to start my master’s degree, again in mechanical engineering (already accepted). Is it really a “must” to be in management or economics area to go into consulting? What would be the reciept that you would write for me to be able to get a position in those big firms? I really would like to work in this field instead of being in technical field. Eu aprecio sua ajuda.
I don’t know the German education system so it’s very hard for me to even speculate on your situation.
The two questions that jump out in my mind are:
1) is your university a target school for MBB? (If not search on this website for “non target school” and read those articles)
2) What % of students have a 3.2 GPA or higher? In general the top firms recruit the top 5% – 10% from a university. This is not always in terms of GPA, but it gives you a rough idea.
For example, when I was at Stanford, there were I think 400- 600 students who applied. My guess is 40 – 60 got a first round interview, and only 6 got offers.
If you want more precise guidance on evaluating your resume, see my resume scoring calculator which is a part of my Consulting Resume Toolkit.
It is not necessary to have a degree or background in business to get a job offer in consulting. Consulting firms routinely hire engineers and really like the mathematical rigor these candidates possess and are accustomed to. So that really is not a concern and many would consider it an asset. It is easier to teach an engineer business math, than it is to teach a business major how to think logically, analytically, and mathematically.
I graduated form a T3 U and do not have a good GPA (due to some family issue), and I was working as a consulting role for my family issue . Do you think I can emphasize that experience to compensate my weak GPA.
I also have two job experiences (4 months for the first job and 1 year for the second job), and some internships (which are not in a big firm or anything).
My second job is working as a CS in a MNC.
All in all, my record is extremely bad.
Any idea you can share? with my situation?
Does T3 U stand for “Top 3 University”? If so what country?
When you say you do not have a good GPA, how bad is it? What % level or actual GPA number?
When you say CS, do you mean customer service or do you mean computer scientist?
I’m presuming MNC = multi-national company. Is it well known?
I’m making some assumptions as to what you mean by these terms, to be candid nothing jumps out as super compelling as to why a consulting firm would want to pick your resume.
Do you have extremely high standardized test scores (especially in math)? That would help somewhat.
Are you objectively in the top 10% of your graduating class in terms of overall skills/experiences/talent?
The top consulting firms generally try to interview the top 10% of a top 3 university in a country, and try to extend offers to the top 1%. For certain highly competitive schools, like Harvard, the % would be higher. For less competitive schools, the ratios would be lower.
In my consulting resume toolkit, I mention that if you are mission one key aspect of the ideal candidate you can sometimes compensate for that if the other factors are strong and you do some serious networking.
If you are missing multiple factors, that’s generally too much of a setback to overcome in such a competitive field.
Without specifics, I can’t be certain as to whether my thoughts above apply to you. But those are my preliminary thoughts.
Nothing can be a better source of information on how to get into BIG consultancy firms than your website.. Hats off ! for this wonderful website. I am also going to order your book via Amazon.
Victor, I have few queries w. r.t my resume. Since, you are the best person to advice on this, as you said you were also CV screener.
I am a 4th year Ph. D. student in chemical engineering at the KU Leuven, Belgium. I have done Masters in chemical engineering from top Indian school (IIT Madras). I also have 2 years working experience in a petrochemical plant as plant engineer at Reliance Industries Ltd. India.
I am willing to have my career in consultancy firm where I can work on diverse varieties of projects. I have 8 months in hand before to prepare myself for McKinsey or BCG, before I could graduate.
I was wondering, what is the possibility of getting my resume selected. How can I improve my resume ? At the moment I have one research publication from my Master thesis and I will have two more from my PhD.
1. Do I need my GMAT or GRE score ?
2. Since I am planning to live in Europe, is knowing local language is mandatory ?
3.Also do you think that even if my resume is good, preference will be given to local student since I am not European ?
I look forward to your answers. I will be kind of you, if you can answer my queries.
Agradeço antecipadamente.
I am a Chartered Accountant from India and want to pursue career in business consulting. I was not very much intelligent in school days but with the time I have improved my self and improving day by day.
You are requested to suggest me way to get into business consulting and what is my probability to successfully enter into business consulting.
Desde já, obrigado.
I am a rising junior engineer at a semi-target school. I’m a little late to the game as far as learning about and realizing consulting is something I really want to do, and as I work for a tech startup this summer, I’m working to set up a few informational interview to build my network.
I contacted a manager at Deloitte whom I have met before but is not located in my city and he gave me the contact information for a local manager and head of campus recruiting at my school. He recommended I reach out to her and include my resume. Based on my research, I wouldn’t ordinarily include my resume at the first contact but in following his advice, would it be overkill to include a cover letter as well, if just for an informational interview? What are the instances where just a resume is sufficient and is this one of them?
Thanks so much for all the material, it has helped me understand the mindset of these firms substantially. I am soon to apply to a range of firms, from the MBB to through firms that would be considered in the top 20. I got a batchelors in Mechanical Engineering at Duke University with a GPA of 3.3, a major GPA of 3.7, and I am in the Master of Engineering Program with a 3.5. I’ve spent 1.5 years doing research with a well known professor in her field of engineering on an R&D project for Ferrari (the Italian sports car company to avoid confusion) where I daily dealt with equations estimation and calculation. I also have experience teaching English in Serbia and am currently doing an internship at a small consulting company in Jordan (the country) leading a feasibility study. I’ve been using your Resume Toolkit and it’s phenomenal, but as I’ve gone through it, I’ve wanted to ask: will my lower undergrad GPA hurt how my Master’s GPA is seen? I started college out slow and then really picked it up the last 2 years (evident in the major GPA including all the ME classes I took).
Secondly, I have exceptional verbal test scores but only above average Math. How detrimental will not having the math scores be and how can I compensate for that on my resume/ cover letter? Thank you so much for all your help.
Oh this is a tough one. Reading your background, I wouldn’t reject you right away. I also wouldn’t automatically say yes either. You’re a borderline case. The masters GPA and in major GPA are good indicators, and if your math test scores were high I would tend to ignore your undergrad major gpa. I would automatically tend to skew towards the more recent GPA’s. So for me the math score is a bigger issue than the overall undergrad GPA (given recency indicators are favorable).
I would look to your work experienced and cover letter. Definitely mention BBN (big brand names) on your resume… especially Ferrari. That’s kind of different and we don’t see that everyday. It would really, really, really help if you had an endorsement from someone else employed at the firm you’re applying to. If you were applying to McKinsey and you mentioned a McKinsey consultants name in your cover letter, that would help. If that person actually emailed me your resume and said, “Hey we should definitely interview Andre”, I would definitely grant you an interview.
If you have the time to network, I would definitely recommend doing that to meet people in these firms. If you’re still at Duke, I’d absolutely recommend you go to all relevant information sessions, meet people there that work at the firms (consultants, not just recruiters), make contact outside of the info sessions (emails, phone call, coffee), and try to get somebody there to get to know you a little.
For more info on how to do this go to caseinterview/search — and search for networking.
First of all i have to congratulate you for the webpage. It’s very useful with a lot of resources.
I’m an international economic student from DR . Even though I’m attending one of the best universities in my country, it is if far from an Ivy League. I’m in my third year economics undergrad. Under the global program offered by my university, I was able to get an associated degree in international business from an average community college in NY (is the only international program offered here, so it was basically that or nothing). I have a 4.0 GPA in the associated degree and a current 3.94 in my undergrad’s bachelor.
I’ve been working for 6 months now in an economic firm in my country and I’m very interesting in the consulting industry. Considering my little experience (I’m still a student for what matters), what are my chances to get a summer internship at one of the 7 or 20 top forms? I’m really seriously about it, already bought all the books and material and I’m willing to give my 101%. I speak several languages like Spanish, Portuguese and English. However, I know i don’t have much time to apply so I can’t take any big test like the GRE or MATT and get the scores before applying (the complete process takes like 6 moths if you live in a developing country) . We usually take those tests after graduation here, for MBA or PHD application purposes. Would they expect me to have already taken those tests? Again, does a profile like mine have any chances to get an interview?
Thank you in advance for your time and any advice would be very much appreciated.
In the U. S. a candidate with an Associates degree from a community college would not qualify to get an interview with a top 20 consulting firm.
Your best bet would be to work in industry for a few years, do well, apply to a top business school based on the strength of your work place achievements and then apply to consulting firms.
My prior comment was for applying to a U. S. office. If you are in a country where a major consulting firm has an office and that firm recruits on your universities campus, that’s a different matter. The associate degree does not carry weight with consulting firms, but your undergrad degree from the top school in your country would carry weight with firms doing business in and recruiting in your country.
First of all, I just recently started reading your book (Case Interview Secrets) and it is brilliant! You’ve made everything so very clear and simple to understand.
I have an interesting situation and I would really appreciate your guidance.
I am an international candidate and I completely my bachelors (Majors in Marketing and Minors in Media studies) from a top tier university in my home country (in South East Asia). I graduated with a CGPA of 3.62 (Majors GPA: Above 3.9 & Finance GPA: 4.0) and I held three undergraduate merit scholarships for scoring a 4.0 (perfect) GPA in three semesters. However my university is not a target school.
I am extremely passionate about a career in Strategy Consulting at a top tier firm such as Bain, McKinsey or Strategy& (formerly Booz and Company) and I have been invested in preparing myself for a role in one of those firms.
Since my graduation last august (2014) I’ve completed six months of Project Internship at Nestle in the Marketing and Nestle Continuous Excellence departments. I wanted to focus on achieving results and building my strategy developing and leadership skills hence during my experience I ended up leading several initiatives such as forming, training and leading a team of Management trainees in a highly successful internal recruitment campaign (0 to 135 members in just three days of campaigning). I proposed and implemented a social media strategy which saw my brand acquire more than 130k followers within 4 weeks. I delivered presentations to the top management at Nestle in review meetings (the ONLY project intern to do so) and I worked very closely with business heads directly. I even led meetings where I represented my business dept. Since analytical skills are essential too, I spent a lot of analyzing customer engagement surveys and delivering presentations and recommendations to agency partners and my business head. I had responsibilities that people seldom have in such an early stage in their careers.
I also interned at Maxus Global (Media planning company) for six weeks during my third year where based on my research and analysis I proposed how to allocate TV spots to the Media head at Nestle.
Professionally, I have worked extensively in preparing myself for a role in a top tier management consultancy, and it’s been two to three months since I’ve been engaged in online study to complement my professional experiences. I even studied the complete GMAT veritas course just to better prepare myself even though I haven’t sat for the exam.
The point is, I am very passionate about consultancy and I am as committed as probably anyone you have ever come across. I have had job offers (Assistant Brand Manager positions) from top notch local firms but I have turned them down just because I didn’t want to put an unknown corporate entity on my CV.
Please advise me on how to proceed and how to approach the application process? I am targeting an entry level position (Business Analyst or Associate consultant). Currently I am also emailing people working in these firms asking for their advice and trying to build conversations. I just recently got an email from someone from Bain (Singapore) who said “It is so great to hear from someone who is so passionate about the industry and Bain in particular” and then she referred me to the global website (joinbain).
Another option that I may have is to work at a local firm for now, go for a masters next year in the UK from UCL (MSC management) or University of Edinburgh or Warwick or from any other well reputed university and then apply for a role in these firms.
Your guidance and advice will be much appreciated! I am willing to do whatever it takes. This is my goal and I am 100% committed to achieving it.
Ansioso por saber sobre você.
As many others I have a question too. Maybe it’s not really in your field, but I’ll give it a try. I’ve got my bachelor in 2004, finished my research master in developmental psychology in 2006 and from 2007 to 2011 I have worked as researcher at a University (in the Netherlands). While working there I have almost (and the key word here is almost) completed a phd. For a series of personal reasons after my last appointment I abandoned the academic scene for a few years, I have quite a gap on my cv, and now I want to go back and either find another phd position, or at least a research position in my field. In the past years I had a few other jobs that have no relevance at all, and actually could be seen as pretty low status in the eye of some snobbish academic professors. Now I’m applying to this type of positions and I’m likely running against fresh out of master candidates, with less experience than me, but with a more linear curriculum and work/life trajectory.
My question is: Do I address the elephant in the room? Shall I say something about my “lost” years? And in case I should, how exactly? I keep on hearing suggestions on how to avoid mentioning anything even remotely negative, but in this way I feel the gap on my curriculum will speak louder than anything else I have actually accomplished. I’m afraid that with no explanation they would just assume the worse.
Muito obrigado antecipadamente.
If more than 90% of readers would notice the gap, and more than 90% would wonder about it or think negatively about it, I recommend proactively addressing it in a cover letter. You can frame it in as positive a light as possible. When we resume readers see something missing of a resume or CV, we tend to assume the worst. We have very good imaginations. In most cases, you reality will make you look better (or less worse depending on your perspective) that our imaginations.
That was a very insightful article! Thanks for sharing the inside knowledge!
I just got rejected from a top boutique European Strategy Consulting firm (Dubai Office) after an interview with the MD and a case study. I am currently working as a Business Development Manager for a SME in Dubai. I have close to 2 years of experience in Business Development, Sales and Strategy.
I have an executive Master’s degree (not MBA) with a 3.1 GPA from a top tier B-School in Europe. I also have a Bachelors in Mechanical Engineering (Second Class Honours) from a top ranked university in the United Kingdom.
I have been casually applying for jobs in consulting. After the rejection, I am seriously considering to get my hands dirty and land a consulting job by the beginning of 2016.
What firms do you think I should target in the Middle East and Canada ? What kind of firms would be interested in my profile? What type of consulting?
I have work permits for both these regions. I am 23 years old, and have no gaps on my CV. I am targeting mainly experienced roles due to my low academic scores. I have had big clients in the Middle East, and have worked on 2 relevant academic projects such as a Big data Analysis of Brain Signals and a Cyber Security Strategy project.
My language skills are limited to English, French and Hindi. I have also been a Competitive Swimmer at the regional level in the Middle East.
I am also working on certifications in Cloud Computing and Cryptography. I have pretty decent computing language skills (JAVA, C++, Matlab) and relevant IT & BI skills except open source coding (Python, R), which I am planning to develop soon.
Sorry for the questions, but, I need some pro advice at the moment to set me in the right direction.
Have a great day,
You and your website are awesome; thank you for all you provide the community.
I graduated in the top 5% of my class at a small college (degree in chemistry; gpa 3.97/4.0). I worked in IT consulting for a MNC, that’s recognized for IT consulting but not general management consulting. Then I worked at a dynamic healthcare startup doing analytics and business analysis work. I’m finishing my MSc in Public Health Research at one of the best health/medical schools in the world, and I’m applying for a Mckinsey Healthcare Analytics position in the London and DC offices.
I keep see you mentioning strong quant skills - i. e. gmat scores and SAT scores. As I didn’t go to business school (but still aspire to at some point!), I didn’t take the GMAT; my university, while prestigious, didn’t require the GRE either, as it’s European.
Q: I did well on my SAT math section (720-760 or something… would have to check). Is this something I should list on my resume and/or cover letter? While it’s a good score, I’ve been working nearly 5 years since my undergrad and also am now completing my MSc…
Yes include you SAT scores and be sure to split out the math sub score as well.
First of all, you have amazing resources helped me a see big picture’
l ‘m from Istanbul, Turkey, and l have graduated last year, l am working at PwC as Analyst but my position is not consulting division, mostly includes process analysis and application developmental stuffs also l had internship exprience at Deloitte Enterprise Risk. l have not graduated from a top undergrad schools in Turkey, but l have started my Financial Engineering master degree at best school in Turkey, my undergrad degree is Mathematical Engineering, So, basically l want to switch my career with consulting , really want to do , l have no GRE, GMAT so l havenot good test score, l have Toefl which is 85 is not high grade, but l really want to make true consulting, l feel it is the best job suits me, what should l do, which strategy l should follow, l thought prepare for Toefl again but l takes time, and applicatipon season has already come, so l need suggestions from you including cv - cover letter writing to most importantly could you see me as strong candidate?
Thank you for all of the resources you provide to those of us interested in the Consulting field. My ‘story’ is different, so I would love some feedback from someone who knows the ins and outs of the Consulting field.
I have a MS in Speech-Language Pathology. I have been working as a Speech Pathologist in hospital settings since graduation, first for a SNF (skilled nursing facility) and for the past 3 years for the one of the top-5 largest Children’s hospitals in the nation. I work in critical care areas (ICU settings, etc.) with sick kids and deal with a lot of difficult cases.
Because of financial commitments (already have a masters), I am currently enrolled in a part-time MBA program (just started this fall). I have grown more and more interested in consulting as a career change, particularly healthcare consulting.
I had a 4.0 in my masters program, my job is highly respected in my field, and I have a large number of qualifications that would make me succeed as a healthcare consultant (job requires a lot of flexibility, complex problem solving, and difficult conversations with a wide variety of people - from doctors to parents).
Is there any chance that I would be even considered for a job as a healthcare consultant? Not necessarily with Bain, McKinsey, etc…somewhere ‘middle of the road’ in the top 50 firms. Would you suggest that I apply now with just a Masters or wait until I have both a masters and MBA (when the MBA is not from a top-tier school)? Or am I way out of my league here?
Quais são seus pensamentos? Desde já, obrigado!
Your situation is a tough one to assess. For the top 10 firms, I don’t think you would be competitive. They usually take MD’s or MD+MBAs. For the middle of the pack firms, that’s tougher to say. I don’t know those firms that well, and when you further focus on health care exclusively, I have even less knowledge.
I would say it is worth testing the waters now by networking and meeting people in the kinds of firms you intend to target. I don’t think your competitiveness will change by much by being enrolled in your MBA program versus having graduated. If you are competitive, you should be able to connect with people. If you are not or will not be competitive when you graduate, you would get shut out now. I would recommend testing the waters to see where you stand.
One thing you will need to work on is your story as to why your prior background would give you an advantage as a consultant. For the MDs turned consultant, the standard story was the clients (all MDs) would take them more seriously than an MBA with no medical background.
So you’ll need a good story as well. Also the response you get may vary significantly by firm depending on their area of focus within healthcare. For example, if a firm mostly did pediatric healthcare the fact that you have clinical experience of any kind with kids could be seen as a major plus. Or maybe a general health care firm has a children’s hospital as a major client – they might value your background more than another firm that mostly works with pharma.
Apenas algo para ter em mente.
I am about to apply for McK. I have two MSc degrees, one in management Engineering, one in Finance and Management, a one-year consulting experience in KPMG Advisory and now working for a consulting boutique in supply chain London. My girlfriend works for McKinsey Italy, however I would like to apply to the London office and I know it is much more difficult. I went to the “retreat” this year with the mcKinsey guys, and learnt a lot about their culture etc etc. However, how would you advice me to behave (in a cover letter / interview) about my girlfriend working there? And what about the Retreat? Should I mention I’ve been there? Muito obrigado.
I’d suggest saying something like “as a McKinsey significant other and retreat attendee, I’ve had the opportunity to get to know several people in the firm’s Italy office. What I like about the firm’s culture and people is ___________, and that’s what I’m applying, etc….”
Mention it, but don’t over emphasize it. It will help them realize that you have had a chance to get to know the firm. So when you say you are interested, it is because you have done some homework and your interest should be considered well researched.
If at all possible, you should try to build a contact in the UK office and mention that person’s name in the cover letter. Ideally you would want that person to forward your cover letter and resume to the UK recruiting contact rather than sending it directly.
Thank you very much for your website–it has a tremendous amount of info on it. Minha pergunta é essa. I was in a phd program that I completed a year of and then I dropped out due to a family emergency. Should I include that in my resume?
Most likely yes, otherwise it would be hard to account for the time. If the program is a well known one, then definitely yes. You will need to explain why you dropped out in your cover letter.
I would like some advise on my chances and best method of working for one of the big management consulting firms.
I am switching career paths after achieving an MD degree and completing some post graduate clinical training (medical residency). I am not coming straight out of medical school and I mostly have clinical work experience. I do have a BBA undergraduate Honors degree from UT Mccombs school of Business. Por favor informar.
Thank you very much for your website. I am a senior student in Beijing. I want to apply for the Business Analyst Intern. Minha pergunta é essa. I don’t have much intern experience , but I took part in many academic competitions, like national model negotiation competition during the last three years. Should I stress this in my cover letter ?
I have a few clarifying questions regarding cover letters/resumes for experienced hire MBB applicants from non-target universities. I hope the general situation will be helpful for other readers.
1.) I have an undergraduate engineering degree (3.4 GPA), a minor in business (3.8 GPA), and an M. S. degree in Petroleum Engineering (4.0 GPA – top 1% – funded by Shell) all from non-target school Texas A&M; however, the petroleum program is the top in the nation (along with Stanford) and is well respected worldwide within the upstream oil and gas industry.
2.) I have just under 4 years of experience with a worldwide upstream technical consulting firm working on and managing engagements with quite a few domestic and international BBNs which I am able to include in my cover letter/resume (thank you for clarifying my confidentiality question in the archived emails).
3.) I am applying for positions specifically seeking Oil & Gas – Associates outside of the United States for MBB.
1.) How much credence, if any, do algorithms and administrative recruiters put into individual program prestige at non-target schools?
2.) Is it worth emphasizing early in a cover letter the credentials of the academic program over domestic and international BBNs with whom I have been entrusted to independently travel to and engage with in my current consulting position?
I am less concerned with academic program credentials in the hands of an oil & gas domain expertise recruiter but want to have the best chance of it getting there.
Agradeço antecipadamente.
In general lead with the BBN’s first. Assume recruiters are generalists that know recruiting, but don’t know oil & gás. One day a recruiter is recruiting for oil & gas, next day financial services, next day retail — or depending on the firm, they recruit purely for a general associate pool. For example at McKinsey, vast majority of Associate hires are for general consulting roles. The decision to specialize in Oil & Gas would be made after 1 – 3 years at the firm.
Program specific prestige is less impressive to generalists. Assume your application gets to a generalist before it ever gets to a specialist (Assuming it ever gets to specialist at all).

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Fruit Hardness Tester 20 Kg Fr-5120 Lutron Instruments.
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IR Thermometer.
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Infrared Thermometer HTC IRX 67.
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Option trader resume sample

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How to Write an Investment Banking Resume When You Have No Real Work Experience.
“Ok, I’ve followed your resume templates , but I don’t have any real work experience and I’m applying to internships… o que eu faço?
How do I compete with the guy who already has finance internships on his resume? & # 8220;
This one is very common if you’re still in school and you’re going for internships or even full-time offers.
And it applies even if you’re more experienced – but you don’t have much in the way of finance experience.
So here’s how you spin your resume to win investment banking interviews – even if you don’t have much “real” work experience.
Get the Templates Right Here.
How to Spin Non-Finance Experience: “Before” [Download]
How to Spin Non-Finance Experience: “After” [Download]
Yes, any day of the week. And spending dozens of hours “perfecting” your resume is still a waste of time.
But you still need a solid – if not perfect – resume. That’s especially true if you’re not coming from a well-known school and you don’t have brand-name internships.
And if you use cold-calling or cold-emailing to contact banks, they will judge you heavily based on your resume – so it needs to be good.
To make all of this more concrete, we’re going to do a “resume makeover” and show you exactly how to change this university student’s resume to make it far more effective.
You can watch the video tutorial below:
And here’s the text version:
Key Mistakes.
This resume is certainly not “terrible” & # 8211; but there is one big problem:
Nothing on here indicates any interest in finance or desire to do a finance internship.
What’s wrong specifically?
He lists too much experience , and most of it isn’t relevant. 2-3 solid entries is far better than 6 thin experiences. He does not highlight what’s most relevant to finance here , and instead treats everything as equal. He fails to list a highly relevant entry that should be counted as “work experience” rather than an “activity” at the bottom. He’s not specific enough with the finance-related experience.
So how do we fix all that?
Magnify Tiny But Relevant Experiences.
Repeat after me: relevance trumps time when it comes to work experience .
This student should focus on just 2 experiences:
JP Morgan Investment Banking Case Competition Investment Fund.
And then he can briefly write about his retail job over the summer and the student newspaper.
Unlike the others, the retail job is “real” work experience, in an actual workplace – which shows banks that you’re capable of functioning in the real world.
Right now this student barely mentions #1 and #2 above, but he should expand on both and pretend they’re work experience.
Even if the case competition only lasted a week, you need to draw attention to it because of the brand-name and because it’s more relevant than anything else on there .
Turn Your Hobbies and Clubs Into “Work Experience”
Examples of hobbies, clubs, and activities you could turn into “work experience”:
Day Trading / Your Personal Portfolio (works better for Sales & Trading) Professional Organizations (e. g. Society of Securities Analysts) Finance Website You Started Case or Investment Competitions Student-Run Investment Funds or Finance / Consulting Clubs.
What if you’ve racked your brain and you really can’t think of anything that seems remotely related to finance?
Your best bet is to re-position some of your experience as “consulting,” emphasizing the recommendations you made and the results rather than the technical details.
Remember, anything could be called “consulting” & # 8211; and if you never had a formal title, all the better. More on that one here.
Cut Out “Work Experience” If It Won’t Impress.
Forget about telling the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth: there’s no “law” that you have to list every last detail on your resume, and most of the time you shouldn’t.
What should you cut?
Part-time experience at the library, student center, etc. Retail/restaurant work. Anything you’re listing just to make a “laundry list” of activities – move this to the bottom instead. Anything over a year old that’s not relevant.
One exception: you may want to leave on retail/restaurant-type work experience if that’s all you have aside from activities.
Don’t focus on it, but it’s good to keep at least 1 entry on there to show banks that you have some real world exposure.
Forget Chronological Order.
While you should usually use reverse chronological order for your resume, there’s no “rule” that says you have to strictly follow it.
So if you have “JP Morgan Investment Banking Case Competition” please put that at the top of your Work Experience no matter what the date was.
If you’re no longer in school this gets harder to justify and you should stick more closely to chronological order.
Move Your School to the Bottom.
In the case where you have brand-name companies on your resume and a non-brand-name school, you could move Work Experience to the top and put Education below it instead.
That may raise some questions if you’re still in school – but it is an option if you’ve recently graduated and you feel that your work experience looks more impressive than your school, GPA, or major.
We’re not using this strategy here because this student is applying for summer internships and because his university – while not a “target school” & # 8211; is also far from unknown.
The End Result.
We’ve using the exact same experience, but we’re presenting it differently, focusing on different points, and excluding what doesn’t matter.
And this student now has a much better chance of getting interviews and landing offers.
What to Do When You’re Out of School.
If you’ve already graduated or you’ve been working for a few years, you can still apply some of these strategies.
The main difference is that you can’t get away with turning all your activities into “work experience” as a student might be able to.
You can still list them on your resume, but you need to focus on “bankifying” your real work experience by focusing on the business results and the big picture.
Wait, Is All of This Legal?
You might also be wondering if everything I’ve suggested here is “legal.” Will you be flagged during background checks? Get your offer rescinded because you omitted something?
While you shouldn’t omit major summer internships, leaving out part-time, unpaid, or informal experience is fine.
All of This Helps, But…
Also note that while the strategies here will help you get interviews and will make your resume look more substantial, you’re still not going to “beat” the guy or girl with a Goldman Sachs internship and an Ivy League school on his/her resume.
So you won’t be able to level the playing field completely, but you can give yourself a boost and reduce the gap between yourself and everyone else applying .
If you’re applying for internships or full-time positions and you don’t have much real work experience think about what you could spin into sounding relevant: Clubs? Activities? Your Own Portfolio?
What are the 2-3 most relevant experiences to focus on? What could be omitted to make room for more relevant entries?
Think about all that, and then re-write your resume and spin your way to success.
Still Need More Help?
Introducing: Premium Investment Banking-Specific Resume/CV and Cover Letter Editing Services.
We will take your existing resume and transform it into a resume that grabs the attention of finance industry professionals and presents you and your experience in the best possible light.
When we’re done, your resume will grab bankers by the lapels and not let them go until they’ve given you an interview.
Detailed, line-by-line editing of your resume/CV – Everything that needs to be changed will be changed. No detail is ignored. Your experience will be “bankified” regardless of whether you’ve been a student, a researcher, a marketer, a financier, a lawyer, an accountant, or anything else. Optimal structuring – You’ll learn where everything from Education to Work Experience to Activities should go. Regional badminton champion? Stamp collector? You’ll find out where those should go, too. The 3-point structure to use for all your “Work Experience” entries: simple, but highly effective at getting the attention of bankers. How to spin non-finance experience into sounding like you’ve been investing your own portfolio since age 12. How to make business-related experience, such as consulting, law, and accounting, sounds like “deal work.” How to avoid the fatal resume mistake that gets you automatically rejected . Nothing hurts more than making a simple oversight that gets you an immediate “ding”. We only work with a limited number of clients each month. In fact, we purposely turn down potential clients in cases where we cannot add much value. We prefer quality over quantity, and we always want to ensure that we can work well together first.
Sobre o autor.
Brian DeChesare é o fundador das fusões & amp; Inquisições e invadindo Wall Street. Em seu tempo livre, ele gosta de memorizar funções obscuras do Excel, editar currículos, ficar obcecado por programas de TV, viajar como um traficante de drogas e derrotar Sauron.
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I started Industiral Engineer degree, swithc after 2 years to Economics degree, how should I mentiod this, if at all on my CV? I have now 1 year working experience in related field and a MSc Finance.
You can just add it in parentheses after your main degree or in one of the sub-bullets. It’s not terribly important, so if you don’t have space, leave it out.
Your advice can go a long way and your site has been my homepage for a while now. The thing is..I got accepted at a target school in London for an MSc Finance ( not LSE or Oxbridge). I have a BSc Economics (4 year degree, 2.1) from an unknown uni in Greece. I was playing basketball at a competitive level until my fourth year, hence no internships . Internships in Greece are aimed for final year students and there was nothing even remotely related to IB/Finance. However, I was managing my own portfolio (virtual of course),mainly as a way to get my hands on analyzing financial statements and financial modeling.
The only real work experience I have besides basketball is my frequent contribution in my city’s sport magazine and some retail experience as well. I don’t state the latter two anywhere on my resume/cover letter because I believe they have nothing to add regarding my goals right now. Do you think this is bad/ non advisable?
P. S : Other than that I have interesting research projects stated during my BSc and volunteering.
Forgot to add. Immediately after my graduation a spent nine months in the army, which is mandatory in Greece so I couldn’t apply for off cycle internships or any other role before my master’s.
Then you should definitely mention that somewhere so you can give more of an explanation for your lack of work experience.
Not necessarily, but you do need to cite some type of activities/interests if you don’t have any real work experience. Research projects and volunteering are better than writing about magazine or retail experience.
Thanks Brian. I will incorporate it into my “story”. I will also try to network my way into any tiny corp. fin/ PE firm so as to gain relevant experience during the course. If possible.
I completed an internship at a firm’s “financial advisory” department that is responsible for helping them raise funds and optimizing their capital structure. While the work i did was mostly qualitative is it dishonest to call it investment banking ?
for helping firms** raise funds.
Yes, that is probably going too far and could get you in trouble in the future.
Acordado. Out of curiosity, what is the qualifying feature of an Investment bank? Underwriting debt? Lazard doesn’t underwrite debt and labels their service “financial advisory”. They do however officially title their employees investment banking analyst.
i graduated last year 2016 my course i earn bachelor in economics and master in international relations when both degree from reputable university in india when i completed my MA then i return to my country and start business dealing with trading. i got investor 15.000.000 $ but confused to do what that money? then i decide to have work experience in investment banking so in future after having experience so then i will return to my company again mean in future i want to become businessmen . the question is.
1. am i too Late to start my career as IB as planning to start from low level i am now 27 age ?
2. am i eligible to for IB as i earn my Master degree on international relation it’s related to International politics but i did my bachelor in economics what are the potential for me to get a job or potential for IB job. IB job now is passion. i really need anyone of your advice.
1) Not necessarily, but you need to move in ASAP… see our other coverage of the market in India.
2) I don’t understand your question. Basically, the solution to getting into IB in India is “Leave India and move to a bigger market with more opportunities.”
I study Law at a top target school in the UK. I took part in a commercial negotiation competition organised by my Law Society in collaboration with Allen & Overy. I negotiated multiple transactions and I got to the semi finals (top 4) of the 148 participants.
These were just pretend transactions. However, one transaction was particularly relevant to IBD. It was an M&A.
I’ve described the experience as:
? Negotiated a $100M transaction on behalf of a VC firm acquiring a 55% stake in a start-up.
? Innovated solution (using financial derivative instruments) to protect the client’s equity (thus profits in a future IPO) whilst addressing the founder’s requirement to control the company.
? Top 5% – of 148 participants, reached semi finals of the competition.
Do you think this is okay?
I’m a mechanical engineering major who wishes to change my career path and get into an investment banking role. Currently a penultimate year student still in university. I have interned at Rolls-Royce (the aircraft engine maker) in a project management role, and I have telemarketing/telesales experience (summer vacation job). Any tips for crafting my resume?
Too add on, I’m looking for a summer internship in an investment banking role before I enter my final year of university. I have applied to some banks and I am still applying to other banks whose application deadlines are in december (APAC region, I’m from Singapore). I have taken an introductory business finance elective in school, but it was a pass/fail subject. Any tips pertaining to crafting a solid resume would be greatly appreciated, thanks!
I would recommend following these tips for off-cycle internships; your resume matters less than networking at this stage:
My most recent experience is a research assistant position. I got to work with 2 professors, one from my school and one from UCLA. I was employed under my prof. However, do you think it would be a good idea to list UCLA instead (Anderson School of Management) since it’s a bigger brand name? To be honest, I coordinated with the UCLA prof more (through email and skype meetings)
Yes, I think that helps, especially if you have been coordinating with the UCLA professor more often.
I noticed that none of the templates you have on M&I include a “Profile” section on top of the resume. Do you just not feel like it’s of any use at all? Would there be a case where you would include it?
Here’s a rough sample of what I currently have.
“3rd year Finance student at….in pursuit of a CFA designation…. Organized leader with initiative…. Enthusiastic team player seeking new opportunities to improve understanding of finance….Proficient with Microsoft Office Suite. Fluent in English, Mandarin, and Spanish”
We don’t feel it’s useful unless you have 10-20+ years of experience and therefore have a real need to summarize it. Language like what you suggested is very generic and doesn’t really improve your chances – every candidate thinks he/she is a good leader, a team player, etc. For university students, basically your resume comes down to: 1. Good university? 2. Good grades? 3. Good internships?
At the beginning of the semester, I independently sought out my Finance prof to help me learn more about finance (i guess this shows some level of initiative too). In particular, I asked him if he could help me manage my own portfolio. He ended up giving me sort of a side project where I manage a mock portfolio. Should I list this as an experience (if so, under work experience or leadership experience?) Or should it just be a phrase on the bottom beside “Activities”?
Depends on how much other experience you have… if you have little to no formal work experience, sure, you can list it as a work experience entry on your resume. But if you already have 1-2 solid internships, it’s better to list it at the bottom under Activities.
Also, should I mention that I sought out my prof at the beginning of the semester for this side project (not for marks) or is that just something for the interview?
Yes you can include that if you choose.
I am a sophomore majoring in economics at a target school looking for an investment banking internship this summer. However, I currently don’t have any experience in finance, which I assume is a turn off for most firms. I regretfully did not participate in extracurriculars freshman year. This summer I went to Chinese study abroad program to enhance my Chinese skills. What do you recommend I do in the upcoming year so that I might have a chance in getting an offer this summer?
Join an investment/finance club, and take on a part time internship in finance if possible.
Hello Brian & Nicole.
Thanks for all these awesome resources. I am a recent graduate with bachelors in Finance and actuarial science. I had a few questions:
1. My experiences are mostly regarding customer service, entrepreneurship and assistant management of a small business. The only thing that relates to finance in my experience is my participation as an analyst of Heavy Machinery sector for the Investment society at a non-target university in Texas. How much space do you think I should give to this experience compared to others.
2. In the resume I noticed you purposefully omitted MS Office skills. Is it necessary to do that? I had also used Bloomberg and SAS. Do you think I should mention these or omit them?
3. I also noticed you did not include any qualitative aspect of the student like claiming to be disciplined and/or other similar qualities. Do you think it is a good idea to add any of these or are they inherently assumed of all students or they would not judge them from the resume but from the interviews?
Agradeço antecipadamente.
1. I’d say around 30-40% of your resume since you don’t have other relevant experience.
2. Yes I’d list Bloomberg and SAS.
3. Yes I think such qualities are demonstrated through references and interviews so we don’t think there’s a need to list them on your resume.
Thank you Nicole for responding. Isso ajuda muito. Based what you have said and what I have done I elaborated the Investment society experience as:
• Used Bloomberg to analyze and import data to MS Excel for further analysis.
• Selected suitable criteria based on the industry to build a model to evaluate each company’s performance.
• Compared the performance with the market to decide to retain, long or short the stocks from the portfolio.
How do you think I can make it sounds more profound IB business-like and what type of lingos I could use to make it better?
Graças a um milhão!
I’d talk about the investments/stocks you chose, what kind of analyses you did (i. e. you can elaborate on compared the performance) and what your analyses showed.
Would you say that recruiting for a bulge bracket bank in Singapore is relatively similar to stateside? I go to school in California but would like to opt for a bb in Singapore. Obrigado.
There are quite a few differences, though not necessarily in the recruiting process itself:
Hi Nicole, I have a phone call with the MD of investment banking at a bulge bracket (thanks to your networking tips) coming up soon. It is not an interview but rather an informal chat regarding an inquiry about an ib analyst position at his bank, are there any particular ways you would recommend I steer the call? Obrigado pela ajuda.
I don’t think you need to worry about too much – make sure you can articulate why you want to do banking, read up on recent deals the bank has done, and ask him questions on anything the bank has advised on recently. Most students do not take the time to properly research deals the bank has worked on, so this can set you apart.
Is it possible for MD’s to directly hire? I am aspiring for this to happen down the line with him.
They can have a say, but no it still depends on hiring needs and the team’s perception of you. Of course, if he likes you your chances maybe significantly higher but MDs usually don’t directly hire candidates.
Hi Brian, I am a third year from a non-target school (UC Santa Cruz) and I am vying for an investment banking analyst position next year. I wanted to know how good of a chance I had to break into investment banking. For my experience I have an Assistant Manager position at a restaurant, a quantitative analysis research associate position at ThermoFisher Scientific and am currently an M&A Legal Analyst at a large corporation. I am a law major and am currently taking a financial accounting class online with a GPA of about 3.6. My M&A experience largely revolves around financial due diligence work as well as analyzing valuations, often done by firms like JPMorgan and Deutsche Bank. Do you think I have a good chance of breaking into the industry?
I think your experience can be useful given your DD and analyses work you’ve done. I think you have a 50/50 chance of breaking into the industry, and I’d focus on boutique/smaller banks to increase your chances. You may also want to transfer to the M&A department in your corporation and move to a bank from there.
How about BB banks? Would I have a shot through networking or even just applying online? One large concern is my non-finance background but I think I have effectively spun my resume to focus mainly on the financial aspects and quantitative skills. Is there anything else I can do to prove to banks that I am capable with numbers or is it simply a matter of chance? I really appreciate your feedback. Obrigado!
I’d say networking through LinkedIn and your connections would be the best bet. For BB banks, the application procedure is pretty standard so if you have a high GPA, target school background, plenty of extracurricular activities, and relevant experience this will help. Otherwise I’d try to connect with alum who work at BB and see if they can introduce you to more contacts at BB and improve your chances. You can prove that you’re capable of numbers with your grades etc but this isn’t the only and most crucial thing banks are looking for; they’re looking for people with relevant experience. You can still apply online to BB but I’d focus on smaller banks first.
Just one last question! So I have a connection at Houlihan Lokey but going by a lot of people’s insight, Houlihan has extremely technical interview questions. I believe that I’d be able to more than sufficiently prepare for these questions but are banks which require a lot of technical knowledge going to opt for finance majors instead? Obrigado novamente.
Depende. Some do prefer finance majors but I wouldn’t worry about this and apply to the bank anyway.
Thanks Nicole! Your advice goes a long way :)
I have two experiences, directly related to banking, listed on my resume; the most recent was an official internship with a BB and the other was an unofficial experience where I was mentored by an individual rather than a company.
What would be the most appropriate and professional way to title this unofficial experience?
It depends on what you’ve been doing with the mentor. I’d focus on the tasks you’ve done and the results you have achieved, depending on your responsibilities.
Hi, I’m from the caribbean where there’s no target school or any great opportunities for investment banking. I would like to get an internship with a BB bank.
Unknown school – double degree accounting and economics – high gpa.
I do not have any relevant work experience.
I was thinking of applying for an internship with a big 4 firm in transactions & restructuring because the big 4 are the only big-name firms on the island and also because of the relation of transactions & restructuring to IB.
Do you suggest another service?
Student Council – Vice president.
There is not many student clubs at my uni so I was thinking of starting an investment club and get a leadership role.
I was thinking of doing the breaking into wall street courses for the lack of experience in IB.
Will my plans help me get a summer internship abroad with a BB bank? Are there any other suggestions?
I also want to network with bankers abroad and possibly go on a weekend trip to meet.
Yes, if you don’t have any experience, your plan of “applying for an internship with a big 4 firm in transactions & restructuring because the big 4 are the only big-name firms on the island and also because of the relation of transactions & restructuring to IB” would help. I’m not 100% sure if your plan can get you a summer internship abroad at a BB mergersandinquisitions/breaking-into-investment-banking-accountant/ but having some experience will improve your chances. And of course weekend trips will help.
Hi, I’m trying to break into ER and I wanted to ask if I should focus more on my research writing competition(which involved dcf modeling & spreading comps)and independent investing(using fundamental & technical analysis) as they are the most relevant experience in finance that I have rather than my internship as a legal intern doing administrative work in the top 10 commercial banks in my country? Should I list the internship last? Obrigado!
Yes I’d focus on your research writing competition and independent investing experience. Yes I’d list your internship at the bottom and spend most of your efforts on your analytical skills.
First of all, thanks for the templates and endless amounts of information on this website. I recently bought the IB networking toolkit and interview guide and they’ve been a great help but I have some questions on how to differentiate specific activities on an IB resume.
I am the vice president of the case competition club at my school and currently have it listed under College Activities and Leadership. Under that i have events such as out of state travel competitions.
I see here that the JP Morgan investment banking case competition is listed under Work & Leadership experience. I have participated in a KPMG consulting case competition that was external to my schools club and won second place. Should I list the KPMG consulting case competition in a different section of my resume or should I include it under the Case Competition Club since they are similar?
Not exactly sure what will put me in a better perspective to prospective employers and could really use some insight.
It depends on how much space your resume has. If you don’t have enough space on your resume, I may group them together. Otherwise I may separate the experience. I don’t think you need to worry too much about this. I don’t think it will make too big of a difference. Please let us know if you have other questions.
Thanks for article and templates! What is your opinion on mentioning a work experience you WILL have by the time you would start whatever you are applying for. For example, I have accepted an offer for a semi-brand name finance internship (F500 life insurance company, Financial Representative Intern is job title) for next semester. Is it okay to put this in work experience with an asterisk by the date and then list what your responsibilities will be? and then, if my other work exp is relatively unimpressive, is it okay to put this first in the work experience section?
You can do it, but you need to indicate that it’s expected future experience and hasn’t actually started yet. Yes, putting it first is fine but don’t go into much detail on it since it hasn’t happened yet.
I have been out of school for two years in a teaching program but have no real financial experience. Although not relevant, the experience on my resume is high quality. My biggest concern is my GPA (around 3.2). Through networking I have gotten in touch with and maintained contact with people at several middle market, boutique, and bulge bracket banks. Without finance experience, is it mandatory to include GPA on a resume even with several years of other work experience? Would not including it at this point seem bizarre/hinder my chances?
No, many people include their GPA and they may ask you to fill it in during applications. You can choose to exclude it, if they didn’t specifically ask for it on applications.
limited working proficiencies* in Arabic and French.
I am a rising senior at a target school with a GPA just above 3.45 (major finance and minor in economics and international business). I’ve had 4 internships through my undergrad years (2 of them international: one in europe and one in the middle east). The summer after my freshman year I interned at a European investment bank with an office in NY (not bulge bracket, more middle market). I also interned as an oil and gas summer analyst at a research and consulting firm, a VC firm in the Middle East and at the OECD headquarters. I also have limited working experiences in Arabic and French. I am looking to apply for bulge bracket firms in the fall and I am worried that my lack of IB experience and my GPA. What is your advice?
Thank you very much for your help. Your website is very useful!
I’d network a lot and try your best to boost your GPA if you can. Your previous experiences can help, and I’d leverage your network from such experiences if possible.
Thank You so much for creating such a amazing platform for IB aspirants.
I have just completed my MBA (Finance). I am seeking an internship program to get experience in financial analyst job. I have no real time work experience but I have excellent command over corporate finance, Valuation (Public and Private companies) and Excel. Unofficially I did valuation for dozen companies for value investment and even I made handsome money by doing so. Could you help me that how can I present above skills and knowledge in MY CV.
I would really appreciate your kind help.
You may want to highlight experiences where you’ve used your valuation skills. If you’re interested in CV services, please go to mergersandinquisitions/services/
I am a 17 year old currently in my first year reading English Literature at the University of Leeds in the U. K. I have little relevant work experience (Administration at a Golf Club for 5 months and then working in the pro shop for a further 2 months), good academic results from school, and am track to get a good grade at University.
I would like to land an Internship or even insight week at literally any bank I can just so I can have something on my résumé that would make bankers think seriously about employing me.
Have you any advice on what I could do to make them notice me at the moment without previous finance experience?
Obrigado pelo seu tempo.
If you can gain some experience, even at clubs in school, that may help you. If you don’t have any previous finance experience it can be hard to spin your resume. You can still discuss your work experience and focus on the impact you’ve made. With the above being said, you’re still very early in the game so I wouldn’t worry too much.
I noticed that the case competition was used as a work experience, Should I do the same thing for workshop such as training the streets – investment banking bootcamp?
Yes you can do that and put that under Finance Training or something along those lines.
I’m a Masters student at UK target-school without any banking internships. I do have previous experience in Real Estate Investment working in my Family’s business, but no brand names.
I was wondering if I could include the events I have attended which are branded. For instance – a Financial Markets Conference sponsored by all the major banks. Or a ‘skills informational session’ delivered by BlackRock at my school. Can attendance to these events be included in my resume?
I’m aiming for a IBD summer internship but I did a trading internship this summer – back then I thought I wanted to be a trader and completely changed my mind after this internship.
Now I’m trying to bankify my trading internship on my resume but I rly dont know how to.
What I did apart from fetching coffee:
& # 8211; summarized key daily news and macroeconomics data that might affect interest rate markets (i’m interning at rates desk);
& # 8211; booked the trades for three senior trades on my desk;
& # 8211; compiled derivative desks day end commentaries and sent them to the trading floor.
& # 8211; initiated a detailed report on a new financial product and distributed it to the sales team so they can refer this report when talking to clients.
& # 8211; random admin stuff like update their holiday calendars for the next 10 yrs.
As you can tell,
it doesn’t look that technical and it’s really hard to use NUMBERS to show the RESULTS, which I know, is the key.
Any insight would be helpful.
Perhaps you saved time/costs/efficiency and you can list that (i. e. 2nd bullet point)
I graduated from top UK university last year and starting a Master in Finance at top school in the UK this September. Have a previous internship in back office for top american bank (GS/MS/JP…). and spent the last year working for another bulge bracket…doing the same(not very happy I ended there)
I was in the Financial Reporting function both times dealing with accounting stuff only. Literally…even posting double entry journals in the systems from time to time.
How can I make this sound even remotely related to finance and banking? My work had nothing to do with modelling, the market environment etc. The closest to analysis and modelling was the review of the PnL & BS of the company itself.
I am struggling to bankify the experience for my CV.
This experience is not be directly relevant to front office IBD roles. Perhaps you can focus on the accounting and analytical skills you’ve gained. Remember to quantify your impact (i. e. how you saved costs) if possible.
hey great site by the way.
I was wondering what is more prestigious. informal work experience at a bank where you did usual crap like fetching coffee and work shadowing someone or another amazing company in a completely different field to finance but you had real responsibility?
I think the bank name maybe more relevant to finance roles. You can always try to spin your shadowing experience. While your experience in a different field maybe useful, it may not be relevant to finance.
You mentioned that it’s okay to avoid listing your work experiences in chronological order–Is this generally acceptable for someone who graduated from university 3 years ago? My work experiences thus far have not been impressive due to the recession, and would like to put my leadership/internship positions in college (very heavily finance related) at the top of my resume. Please let me know if this is fine.
You can do that though I think its best to list your work experience first because employers will doubt why you’ve changed around the chronological order.
I will be a senior at a non-target University of California in the orange county area. I’m hoping to break into a BB iBank or top middle market firm. These are my work experiences so far.
2nd year summer – small middle market ibanking summer analyst.
3rd year school year – corporate finance intern at F500 company.
This summer I’ll be working at another middle market ibank as a summer analyst. Should I forgo this internship and apply to the NY School of Finance if I want to land a job at a top tier bank?
Also a note, my GPA is only at a 3.3 range.
I think your summer experience should help with your goals. I’m not quite sure if forgoing your summer internship for NYSF is a great idea. While the program offers candidates experience at an investment bank, private equity firm, venture capital fund, or hedge fund, it isn’t guaranteed that you will land a job at a top tier bank. If your GPA is 3.3, you’ll probably have to network quite a bit and get your name out there this summer.
I m 32. I have been working as a general manager in medical clinic for 7 years. I don’t have any IB experience. I m going to start a top MBA course from this Sep. Do you think I should do the 15/07-23/08 NYSF internship. Or should I wait for now and do a autum session next year after I graduate from my MBA course.
Which way do you think it gives me a better chance. Graças a um milhão.
I think you can wait and do it next year so you can do your internship right after the course.
Hello Brian and Nicole,
I´ve a question regarding how deep you must go in extraacademic merits, for example, if I recruited a lot of people for a business event in the university,
Would it be ok just to mention that I was the one who recrutied most people of all the recrutiers or should I remark the achievement with the specific numbers/percentage? (I´m struggling with the space, otherwise I wouldn´t think twice)
Do you think that would be an impressive enough merit to include in the CV?
If you don’t have space, leave it out. Otherwise you could include it.
Spring Weeks seem to be quite important in the UK, especially when someone has little work experience. How would you portray these experiences on a CV?
You can’t take a project/results approach, as that’s not what they are! But more presentations, shadowing, extremely great exposure to the industry.
O que você sugeriria?
“Learn about FX trading – exposure to . . .” etc?
You can just list them at the category below your education under Internship Experience and use our M&I format:
[Firm Name] [City/State]
[Spring Week Intern] [Month, Year – Month, Year]
Sorry for adding another comment, but I wanted to add onto my previous question. I’m trying to “bankify” my PWM internship, but since I have a vague memory of the terms my supervisor used and did not know what a lot of them meant, I’m having some trouble.
-assisted a team of advisers and client service associates with maintaining client data and creating performance reports for high net worth individuals.
-took charge of creating monthly cashflow reports for about 50 clients.
what kind of words or phrases should i use to bankify this experience?
What you listed is decent, though you’ll have to focus on the analysis you’ve done (i. e. what kind of analysis have to done to create the reports and what did your analysis show?) and quantify your impact. The words you’ve used are decent.
I’ve downloaded your template and wanted to ask: is it worth listing study abroad on your resume? Would you list it as a bullet point under XYZ University, or separately? If I list it separately, is it okay to only write the name of the school since one semester of study abroad does not give out a GPA or honors?
By separately, I meant:
Home university name (in bold)
-GPA, Honors, Coursework.
Study abroad university name (in bold)
Yes you can list your study abroad experience on your resume, and not list your GPA/honors. What you listed is fine.
One quick question, I am currently working in a Corporate Advisory division and has been working for 6-7 months, under Corporate Banking. I have assisted my senior manager in providing market analysis, due diligence for M&A deals and of course pitching presentations, but valuations or financial modeling. So question is, am I considered as someone with experience or not?
*But no valuations or financial modeling.
Yes you are considered as someone with some experience – more experience than a fresh grad and will still be considered a junior (first year analyst in an IB). If a bank (most IBs do) specifically wants someone with solid valuation experience, you may have to start building up your financial modeling foundation before applying to such roles. You’ll have to convince your interviewer that you have solid valuation skills despite your lack of financial modeling experience. Chances are, if the interviewers really like you, you might start off as a first year analyst given your lack of valuation experience.
Isso ajuda muito. Thanks for the input Nicole!
As a career changer, albeit with an MBA, I have been told by an MD that gaining a certification in Financial Modeling or Valuation would help with some of the technical requirements that could be inhibiting me. The modeling course you guys offer looks fantastic, but is there an appropriate way to weave this into the resume/interview process? Thank you, love the site.
Sure thing, here’s a guide:
I m 32. I m networking for a intern at present. I m also going to do my MBA at LSE in London this Oct. Should I put this on my resume. Obrigado.
I m networking for a intern at present. I m also going to do my MBA at LSE in London this Oct. Should I put this on my resume.
I am appying an internship at the present. Just because I m going to do MBA in a target school later this year should I highlight this. Or am I better off just concentrate on Magnify tiny but relevant experiences. Muito Obrigado.
Highlight any finance experience you have and yes maybe you can list your MBA school.
Besides having a Bachelors in Finance and serving 1 year as student government president in college I have no relevant work experience. How would I spin working 6 years as a sales consultant at an auto.
dealership? I negotiate deals, make recommendations, and process the paperwork to secure loans. Isso é suficiente?
Best if you have experience in finance but if this is the only experience you have you can spin that.
I have gone through the financial modeling training program (BIWS Premium). Where should I mention that on my resume.
Bottom of your resume under Certifications.
I just read your pdf and noticed that as far as the resume part goes I have nothing that can be reasonably spun to sound like banking experience, I’m not going to request your service for free but if you have 2 minutes to quick skim my resume would you mind helping? (I’m sorry I work at a very low end job and $300 is two weeks of my pay that I need to just survive)
Well I do currently have a 2nd interview at a completely unrelated “professional” job coming at the end of this week, and that (may) offer something to work with if I would take the job but it would just push the search back a year (and being as I just graduated with my undergrad it feels like a critical time)
Thank you for any assistance or for reading.
I think the article should provide you enough information.
I have read the article (along with the large majority of the website, still reading when I have available time) but my degree is in something so obscure that it is unrelated, and my most recent (and relevant) job experience is working at 1 of those horrible part time stock shelves retail jobs (with no ability to word it so it sounds like it deals with making money or sales) but because of how my work/school lined up I was unable to spend time volunteering or any other beneficial bonuses.
My current best lead for a job is through networking *yay networking* a major bank (noninvestment but at least still financial experience)
If you can find someone in the industry who can take you under his wing this will help your career big time!
Ótimo artigo. I just have one question. For various reasons I have no work experience at all (literally nothing). I have lots of ECs and have done some volunteering though. Do you think that I could swap the work experience section for extra curricular activities section and just list it all there? Muito obrigado.
In your case, yes because you wouldn’t have any work experience to write about otherwise.
How can I present my work experience at an insurance company that I did for a week when I apply for spring weeks and internships at IBs? There, I shadowed some underwriters/actuaries, shadowed a broker for a day, and spent a morning with an underwriter in the Lloyds Building in London. Is there a good way that I can link it to the skills I’ll need at an IB? Muito Obrigado.
Sim. Talk about skills you acquired and what you did there.
On my resume, I want to place emphasis on my year of study abroad in China and also the fact that I have a knowledge of various languages. To make this stand out, would you recommend I include an “International Experience and Language Capability” section on my resume, in addition to the ones you outlined on the sample CV? Agradeço antecipadamente.
Sure, or you can just highlight your experience at the bottom of your resume under Skills, Activities & Interests (We change the title of this line around a/c to candidates’ resumes)
I have a quick question regarding work experience on the resume section, and would be grateful for your advice.
I am doing a Master’s in Business and while I do not have internships in finance, I have spent the past year contacting companies and doing business research projects for them using research from my course that is relevant to finance and specifically tailored to those companies, which in some cases has been sponsored by such clients. On my resume, how would you recommend I list this? Under a heading of “Independent Consulting Projects” or something similar?
Agradeço antecipadamente.
Yes you can list them under this heading.
I just wanted 2 know, what would happen if I put ‘none’ under work and leadership experience when applying for an internship. would that work negatively against me or is it fine?
Yes it will work negatively against you. I’d suggest you to leave it blank.
I’m really grateful for your helpful Nicole. Thank you!
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